History of the Hebrew Language by David Steinberg

Edition 1.3

5 February 2012

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History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language

By David Steinberg

David.Steinberg@houseofdavid.ca

Home page http://www.houseofdavid.ca/

Excursus 2

Evolution of Pronunciation and Stress Patterns

(N.b. syllables carrying the primary word stress are in bold)

(Part 2)

See Tenses or Aspects in Biblical Hebrew

A. The Proto-Hebrew SC and its Carry-Over into BH

We have three major avenues into PH: a) working backwards from BH; b) comparative semitics; and, c) the "Canaanite glosses" in the Amarna(h) Letters[1]. These sources are largely complementary, however, the most detailed evidence is provided by the Amarnah Letters to which the outstanding scholar, Anson Rainey, has dedicated a lifetime of research. The following is quoted from Rainey 1986 (pp. 4-7) -

The following table represents my proposal for the prefix conjugation system refllected in the Armanah letters, that is, those composed by Canaanite scribes (Rainey 1985). Two modes are recognized, an indicative for the expression of fact and an injunctive for expressions of volition.

Indicative		Injunctive
Preterite	yaqtul, -û	Jussive	yaqtul, -û
Imperfect	yaqtulu, -ûna	Volitive	yaqtula, -û
Energic	yaqtulun(n)a	Energic	yaqtulan(n)a

... It was W. L. Moran ... who first defined syntactically the jussive, imperfect, and volitive.... (I)t was found that the zero-form, yaqtul, was often juxtapose to yaqtulu to express the contrast between a single action in the past and present-future continuous.... The question before us now is to what extent these basic forms can be discerned in biblical Hebrew....

The method adopted here for defining the syntactic functions of the BH prefix conjugation is... the use use of variants in the weak verbs as a key for establishing semantic categories. The known morphological distinctions, especially those between the long and short forms of second and third weak roots, have their respective syntagmas. Once these are defined, in terms of semantic function, they become the criteria for defining strong verb forms which, in BH, have lost their outward differences that had distinguished the syntactic functions in the older Canaanite dialects (as also in Classical Arabic)....

It is generally acknowledged that the "long" and the "short" forms of prefix verbs are the reflexes of original yaqtulu and yaqtul respectively, viz. causitive yaqtîl (<*yaqtîlu ) vs. yaqtēl (<*yaqtilØ ); yāqûm (<*yaqûmu ) vs. yāqōm (<*yaqumØ ); yāqîm (<*yaqîmu ) vs. yāqēm (<*yaqimØ ); yibné(h) (<*yibnayu ) ... vs. yiben (<*yibnay ), etc.... What is important for our present purposes is that the same zero forms do have both the jussive and the preterite functions. The latter usage, however, became increasingly restricted in BH as the suffix conjugation took over the past tense function, just as it did in Ugaritic prose (Gordon 1965:68 §9.3), in Phonecian ... and to a large extent in the Amarnah letters from Byblos..... There are still som instances of the yaqtul preterite in BH poetic texts.... In prose the yaqtul (preterite) has been restricted to the role of a narrative past tense expressing a sequence of actions. In narrative sequences of this nature, it is at the head of its clause, always introduced by the augmented, wa:(waw plus gemination/lengthening; Revell 1984:443)....

The West Semitic languages developed a form, yaqtulu, to express the present-future and past continuous.... For most verbs, the loss of the final short vbowels neutralized the formal distinction in BH between the zero forms and yaqtulu but certain weak verbs do distinguish between the two original patterns. In addition, there are some three hundred examples of the long masculine plural suffixes in
-ûn, and a few cases of the second feminine singular in -în (GK:128-129 §§47m-o.). These derive respectively from and as demonstrated not only by comparison with Classical Arabic, but also with the Canaanite inflections in the Amarnah letters.... Except for some poetic passages, the long forms with nun are probably archaisms, especially in the deuteronomistic materials.[2] But even without the long plural and second feminine forms, the biblical authors still had severalmeans for indicating morphologically the difference between the imperfect and the preterite/jussive....

While there is a wide variety of usages of the Wrest Semitic imperfect, especially in BH, the verbal system as a whole does indicate tense. The communicational context would generally leave no doubt as to the temporal nuance intended by the imperfect. After all, the modal forms such as the jussive also have a broad spectrum of nuances without causing ambiguity, so why should not the imperfect enjoy a similar range. Many other languages with clear-cut tense systems use certain forms or syntagmas in more than one nuance....

Table 31 - Reconstructed PC Forms in PH and EBHP[3]
*PH (c. 1200 BCE)		EBHP[4] */EBHP/⁺ (c. 850-550 BCE)
Indicative	Injunctive	Indicative	Modal
Imperfect (PC_imp)	Jussive (PC_jus)	Imperfect (present/future (PC_{imp_prfut}) and past continuous (PC_{imp_pdur}) and occasionally injunctive (PC_{imp_inj})) (negated with לֺא)	Jussive (PC_jus) (negated with אַל)
/ʾaqˈṭulu/ (1c.)	/ˈʾaqṭul/ (1c.)	/ʾiqˈṭul/ (1c.)
/taqˈṭulu/ (2ms.)	/ˈtaqṭul/ (2ms.)	/tiqˈṭul/ (2ms.)	/ˈtiqṭul/ (2ms.)
/taqˈṭuliːn/ (2fs.)	/taqˈṭulĩ/ (2fs.)	/tiqˈṭuli(ː)/ (2fs.)	/tiqˈṭulĩ/ (2fs.)
/taqṭuˈliːna/ (2fs.)		/tiqṭuˈliːn/ (2fs.)
/yaqˈṭulu/ (3ms.)	/ˈyaqṭul/ (3ms.)	/yiqˈṭul/ (3ms.)	/ˈyiqṭul/ (3ms.)
/taqˈṭulu/ (3fs.)	/ˈtaqṭul/ (3fs.)	/tiqˈṭul/ (3fs.)	/ˈtiqṭul/ (3fs.)
/naqˈṭulu/ (1cp.)	/ˈnaqṭul/ (1cp.)	/niqˈṭul/ (1cp.)
/taqˈṭulūn/ (2mp.)	/taqˈṭulū/ (2mp.)	/tiqˈṭulū/ (2mp.)	/tiqˈṭulū/ (2mp.)
/taqṭuˈlūna/ (2mp.)		/tiqṭuˈlūn/ (2mp.)
/taqˈṭulnã/ (2fp.)	/taqˈṭulnã/ (2fp.)	/tiqˈṭulna(ː)/ (2fp.)	/tiqˈṭulnã/ (2fp.)
/yaqˈṭulūn/ (3mp.)	/yaqˈṭulū/ (3mp.)	/yiqˈṭulū/ (3mp.)	/yiqˈṭulū/ (3mp.)
/yaqṭuˈlūna/ (3mp.)		/yiqṭuˈlūn/ (3mp.)
Preterite (PC_pret)	Volitive (only the forms relevant to BH)	Preterite	Cohortative (PC_coh) (negated with אַל)
/ˈʾaqṭul/ (1c.)	/ʾaqˈṭula/ (1c.)	/waʾˈʾiqṭul/ (1c. prose[5]) /ˈʾiqṭul/ (1c. poetry)	/ʾiqˈṭula(ː)/ (1c.)
/ˈtaqṭul/ (2ms.)		/watˈtiqṭul/ (2ms. prose) /ˈtiqṭul/ (2ms. poetry)
/taqˈṭulĩ/ (2fs.)		/wattiqˈṭuli(ː)/ (2fs. prose) /tiqˈṭuli(ː)/ (2fs. poetry)
/ˈyaqṭul/ (3ms.)		/wayˈyiqṭul/ (3ms. prose) /ˈyiqṭul/ (3ms. poetry)
/ˈtaqṭul/ (3fs.)		/watˈtiqṭul/ (3fs. prose) /ˈtiqṭul/ (3fs. poetry)
/ˈnaqṭul/ (1cp.)	/naqˈṭula/ (1cp.)	/wanˈniqṭul/ (1cp. prose) /ˈniqṭul/ (1cp. poetry)	/niqˈṭula(ː)/ (1cp.)
/taqˈṭulū/ (2mp.)		/wattiqˈṭulū/ (2mp. prose) /tiqˈṭulū/ (2mp. poetry)
/taqˈṭulnã/ (2fp.)		/wattiqˈṭulnã/ (2fp. prose) /tiqˈṭulnã/ (2fp. poetry)
/yaqˈṭulū/ (3mp.)		/wayyiqˈṭulū/ (3mp. prose) /yiqˈṭulū/ (3mp. poetry)

In the words of Huehnergard[6] -

In discussing the forman Hebrew reflexes of the forms yaqtul and yaqtulu, Rainey[7] reminds us that the original distinction between them was still preserved in certain weak verbs.... He also notes that the imperfect plural forms like yiktbun, with a final n, derive from the old plural of yaqtulu, namely yaqtulūna, whereas the more common yiktbu, without n, reflects the plural of early yaqtul, namely yaqtulū. In a recent monograph by J. Hoftijzer ... one of the most interesting observations is that yiktbun, with final n, almost never occurs as a jussive or waw-consecutive.... Thus, it contrasts with the more common yiktbu in what Hoftijzer correctly calls an opposition of marked versus unmarked forms. From the historical point of view, therefore we cans say, that when the forms yaqtul, yaqtula[8], and yaqtulu fell together morphologically in the singular of sound verbs (verbs without weak radicals) because of the loss of final short vowels, the semantic distinctions between the corresponding plurals yaqtulū and yaqtulūn(a) likewise became blurred, analogically, and a new distinction arose, at least in those dialects of Hebrew in which both plural forms were retained. The form yaqtulū became gereralized as the paradigmantic plural of the singular yaqtul in all of its functions, which in the sound verb appeared synchronically to encompass not only the the functions of earlier yaqtul and yaqtula but also those of the imperfect yaqtulu. The original imperfect plural yaqtulūn(a) was therefore redundant, at least on some level. Its function accordingly shifted, from being the only imperfect plural form to being a specifically imperfect form.

Table 32 - Disappearance of Formal Distinctions between PC_imp, PC_jus[9] and PC_pret (not preceded by waC-) in Strong Verb Except for Parts of Hiphil
	*PH (c. 1200 BCE)	PMT (c. 400-300 BCE)	EBHP[10] /EBHP/⁺ [EBHP] (c. 850-550 BCE)	PTH /PTH/⁺ [PTH] (c. 400 CE)	TH /TH/⁺ *[TH] (c. 850 CE)
*Strong Verb - Qal*
2ms. Imperfect (PC_imp) "You write, will write, were writing"	/ˈtaktubu/ > /takˈtubu/	תכתב	/takˈtub/ > /tikˈtub/ [tɪkˈtʊb]? [tɪkˈto̞b]?	/tikˈtob/[11] [tixˈtov]	תִּכְתֹּב /tikˈtob/ [tixˈtoːv]
2ms. Jussive (PC_jus) "Write!" Preterite (PC_pret) "You wrote"	/ˈtaktub/	תכתב	/ˈtaktub/ > /ˈtiktub/[12] [ˈtɪktʊb]? [ˈtɪkto̞b]?	/tikˈtob/[11] [tixˈtov]	תִּכְתֹּב /tikˈtob/ [tixˈtoːv]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect and stress	None	Stress	None	None

2fs. PC_imp "You write, will write, were writing"	/taktubiːn(a)/ → /takˈtubiːn/	תכתבי	/takˈtụbi(ː)/ > /tikˈtụbiː/ [tɪkˈtʊbiˑ]	/tiktәˈbiː/	תִּכְתְּבִי /tiktәˈbi/ [tixtәˈviː]
2fs. PC_imp paragogic nun form "You write/will write"	/taktubiːn(a)/ → /taktuˈbiːna/	תכתבין	תכתבן* /taktuˈbiːn/ > /tiktụˈbiːn/ [tiktʊˈbiːn]? [tikto̞ˈbiːn]?	/tiktәˈbiːn/	תִּכְתְּבִין /tiktәˈbin/ [tixtәˈviːn]
2fs. PC_jus "Write!" PC_pret "You wrote"	/ˈtaktubĩ/ > /takˈtubĩ/	תכתבי	/takˈtụbi(ː)/ > /tikˈtụbiː/ [tɪkˈtʊbiˑ]	/tiktәˈbiː/	תִּכְתְּבִי /tiktәˈbi/ [tixtәˈviː]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect and stress	Only form with *paragogic nun* distinctive due to ending.	Only *paragogic nun* *form of imperfect* due to ending and stress**	Only ending of *paragogic nun* form of imperfect

2mp. PC_imp "You write, will write, were writing"	/taktubūn(a)/ → /takˈtubūn/	תכתבו	/takˈtụbū/ > /tikˈtụbū/[13] [tɪkˈtʊbuˑ]	/tiktәˈbū/	תִּכְתְּבוּ /tiktәˈbu/ [tixtәˈvuː]
2mp. PC_imp paragogic nun form "You write/will write"	/taktubūn(a)/ → /taktuˈbūna/	תכתבון	תכתבן* /taktụˈbūn/ > /tiktụˈbūn/ [tiktʊˈbuːn]? [tikto̞ˈbuːn]?	/tiktәˈbūn/	תִּכְתְּבוּן /tiktәˈbun/ [tixtәˈvuːn]
2mp. PC_jus "write!" PC_pret "You wrote"	/ˈtaktubū/ > /takˈtubū/	תכתבו	/takˈtụbū/ > /tikˈtụbū/ [tɪkˈtʊbuˑ]	/tiktәˈbū/	תִּכְתְּבוּ /tiktәˈbu/ [tixtәˈvuː]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect and stress	Only form with *paragogic nun* distinctive due to ending.	Only *paragogic nun* *form of imperfect* due to ending and stress**	Only form with paragogic nun distinctive due to ending.

3ms. PC_imp "He writes, will write, was writing"	/ˈyaktubu/ > /yakˈtubu/	יכתב	/yakˈtub/ > /yikˈtub/ [yɪkˈtʊb]? [yɪkˈto̞b]?	/yikˈtob/ [yixˈtov]	יִכְתֹּב /yikˈtob/ [yixˈtoːv]
3ms. PC_jus "Let him write" PC_pret "he wrote"	/ˈyaktub/	יכתב	/ˈyaktub/ > /ˈyiktub/ [ˈyɪktʊb]? [ˈyɪkto̞b]?	/yikˈtob/ [yixˈtov]	יִכְתֹּב /yikˈtob/ [yixˈtoːv]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect and stress	None	Stress	None

3fs. PC_imp "She writes, will write was writing "	/ˈtaktubu/ > /takˈtubu/	תכתב	/takˈtub/ > /tikˈtub/ [tɪkˈtʊb]? [tɪkˈto̞b]?	/tikˈtob/ [tixˈtov]	תַּכְתֹּב /tikˈtob/ [tixˈtoːv]
3fs. PC_jus "Let her write" PC_pret "she wrote"	/ˈtaktub/	תכתב	/ˈtaktub/ > /ˈtiktub/ [ˈtɪktʊb]? [ˈtɪkto̞b]?	/tikˈtob/ [tixˈtov]	תַּכְתֹּב /tikˈtob/ [tixˈtoːv]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect and stress	None	Stress	None

3mp. PC_imp "They write, will write, were writing "	/yaktubūn(a)/ → /takˈtubūn/	יכתבו	/yakˈtụbū/ > /yikˈtụbū/ [yɪkˈtʊbuː]	/yiktәˈbū/	יִכְתְּבוּ /yiktәˈbu/ [yixtәˈvuː]
3mp. PC_imp paragogic nun form "They write/will write"	/yaktubūn(a)/ → /yaktuˈbūna/	יכתבון	יכתבן* /yaktụˈbūn/ > /yiktụˈbūn/ [yɪktʊˈbūn]	/yiktәˈbūn/	יִכְתְּבוּן /yiktәˈbun/ [yixtәˈvuːn]
3mp. PC_jus "Let them write" PC_pret "they wrote"	/ˈyaktubū/ > /yakˈtubū/	יכתבו	/yakˈtụbū/ > /yikˈtụbū/ [yɪkˈtʊbuˑ]	/yiktәˈbū/	יִכְתְּבוּ /yiktәˈbu/ [yixtәˈvuː]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect and stress	Only form with *paragogic nun* distinctive due to ending.	Only *paragogic nun* *form of imperfect* due to ending and stress**	Only form with paragogic nun distinctive due to ending.

Strong Verb - Hiphil[14]
2ms. PC_imp "You divide, will divide were dividing"	/tuˈhabdalu/ > /tahabˈdalu/ >> /tahabˈdiːlu/	תבדיל	תבדל* /tabˈdiːl/ [tɐbˈdiːl]	/tabˈdiːl/	תַּבְדִּיל /tavˈdil/ [tavˈdiːl]
2ms. PC_jus "Divide!" PC_pret "You divided"	/taˈhabdal/ > /ˈtabdil/[15]	תבדל	/ˈtabdil/ [ˈtɐbdɪl]? [ˈtɐbdɛl]?	/tabˈdel/ [tavˈdel]	תַּבְדֵּל /tavˈdẹl/ [tavˈdẹːl]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect and stress	Spelling	Vowel length and stress	Vowel quality and length	Vowel quality

2fs. PC_imp "You divide, will divide, were dividing"	/tuhabdaliːn(a)/→ /tahabˈdiːliːn/	תבדילי	תבדלי* /tabˈdiːliː/ [tɐbˈdiːliˑ]	/tabˈdiːliː/[16]	תַּבְדִּילִי /tabˈdili/ [tavˈdiːliː]
2fs. PC_jus "Divide!" PC_pret "You divided"	/tahabˈdiːliː/	תבדילי	תבדלי* /tabˈdiːliː/ [tɐbˈdiːliˑ]	/tabˈdiːliː/[16]	תַּבְדִּילִי /tabˈdili/ [tavˈdiːliː]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect	None

2mp. PC_imp "You divide, will divide, were dividing"	/tuhabdalūn(a)/ → /tahabˈdiːlūn/	תבדילו	תבדלו* /tabˈdiːlū/ [tɐbˈdiːluˑ]	/tabˈdiːlū/	תַּבְדִּילוּ /tabˈdilu/ [tavˈdiːluː]
2mp. PC_jus "Divide!" PC_pret "You divided"	/tuˈhabdalū/ → /tahabˈdiːlū/	תבדילו	תבדלו* /tabˈdiːlū/ [tɐbˈdiːluˑ]	/tabˈdiːlū/	תַּבְדִּילוּ /tabˈdilu/ [tavˈdiːluː]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect	None

3ms. PC_imp "He divides, will divide, was dividing"	/yuˈhabdalu/ → /yahabˈdiːlu/	יבדיל	יבדל* /yabˈdiːl/ [yɐbˈdiːl]	/yabˈdiːl/	יַבְדִּיל /yabˈdil/ [yavˈdiːl]
3ms. PC_jus "Let him divide" PC_pret "he divided"	/yaˈhabdal/ > /ˈyabdil/	יבדל	/ˈyabdil/ [ˈyɐbdɪl]? [ˈyɐbdɛl]?	/yabˈdel/ [yavˈdel]	יַבְדֵּל /yavˈdẹl/ [yavˈdẹːl]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect and stress	Spelling	Vowel length and stress	Vowel quality and length	Vowel quality

3mp. PC_imp "They divide, will divide, were dividing"	/yuˈhabdalūn(a)/ → /yahabˈdiːlūn/	יבדילו	יבדלו* /yabˈdiːlū/ [yɐbˈdiːluˑ]	/yabˈdiːlū/	יַבְדִּילוּ /yabˈdilu/ [yavˈdiːluː]
3mp. PC_jus "Let them divide" PC_pret "they divided"	/yaˈhabdalū/ > /yahabˈdiːlū/	יבדילו	יבדלו* /yabˈdiːlū/ [yɐbˈdiːluˑ]	/yabˈdiːlū/	יַבְדִּילוּ /yabˈdilu/ [yavˈdiːluː]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect	None

Piel
3ms. PC_imp "he speaks, will speak, was speaking"	/yaˈdabbiru/ > /yadabˈbiru/	ידבר	/yạdabˈbir/ [yạdɐbˈbɪɾ]? [yɐdɐbˈbɛɾ]?	/yәdabˈber/[17] [yәðabˈbeɾ]	יְדַבֵּר /yәdabˈbẹr/ [yәðabˈbẹːɾ]
3ms. PC_jus "Let him speak" PC_pret "he spoke"	/yaˈdabbir/ > /yaˈdabbir/	ידבר	/yạˈdabbir/ [yɐˈdɐbbɪɾ]? [yɐˈdɐbbɛɾ]?	/yәdabˈber/[17] [yәðabˈbeɾ]	יְדַבֵּר /yәdabˈbẹr/ [yәðabˈbẹːɾ]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect and stress	None	Stress	None	None

Niphal
3ms. PC_imp "It will be writen"	/yanˈkatibu/ > /yankaˈtibu/ > /yikkaˈtibu/	יכתב	/yikkaˈtib/ [yɪkkɐˈtɪb]? [yɪkkɐˈtɛb]?	/yikkaːˈteb/ [yikkaːˈteb]	יִכָּתֵב /yikkåˈtẹb/ [yikkɔːˈθẹːv]
3ms. PC_jus "Let it be writen! " PC_pret "It was writen "	/yanˈkatib/ > /yikˈkatib/ PC_pret "You wrote"	יכתב	/yikˈkatib/ [yɪkˈkɐtɪb]? [yɪkˈkɐtɛb]?	/yikkaːˈteb/ [yikkaːˈteb]	יִכָּתֵב /yikkåˈtẹb/ [yikkɔːˈθẹːv]
Distinction(s)	Ending of imperfect and stress	None	Stress	None	None

*Examples of Weak Verbs*
3ms. PC_imp "He makes/does, will make/do, were making/doing"	/ˈya^cśayu/ > /ya^cˈśayu/	יעשה	/ya^cˈśay/ > /yi^cˈśê/ [yɪʕˈɬẹː]	/ya^căˈśê/ [yaʕăˈseː]	יַעֲשֶׂה /ya^căˈśɛ/ [yaːʕăˈsɛː]
3ms. PC_jus "Let him make/do" PC_pret "he made/did"	/ˈya^cśay/	יעש	/ˈya^cśay/> /ˈyi^cˈś/ [ˈyɪʕɬ]? [ˈyɪʕәɬ]?	/ˈya^caś/ [ˈyaʕas]	יַעַשׂ [ˈyaːʕas]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect and stress	Spelling	Ending of imperfect and stress

3ms. PC_imp "He drinks, will drink, was drinking"	/ˈyaštayu/ > /yašˈtayu/	ישתה	/yašˈtay/ → /yišˈtê/ [yɪʃˈtẹː]	/yišˈtê/	יִשְׁתֶּה /yišˈtɛ/ [yiʃˈtɛː]
3ms. PC_jus "Let him drink" PC_pret "He drank"	/ˈyaštay/	ישת	/ˈyaštay/ → /ˈyišt/ [ˈyɪʃt]? [ˈyɪʃәt]?	/ˈyešt/	יֵשְׁתְּ /ˈyẹšt/ [ˈyẹːʃt]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect and stress	Spelling	Ending of imperfect and stress	Ending of imperfect, quality of first vowel and stress

3ms. PC_imp "He will be"	/ˈyahyayu/ > /yahˈyayu/ (details see above)	יהיה	/yahˈyê/ > /yihˈyê/ [yɪhˈyẹː]	/yihˈyê/	יִהְיֶה /yihˈyɛ/ [yihˈyɛː]
3ms. PC_jus "Let him be/may he be " PC_pret "He was"	/ˈyihyay/	יהי	/ˈyahyay/ → /ˈyahyay/ > /ˈyihy/ [ˈyɪhy]? [ˈyɪhĭy]? (details see above)	/yәˈhiː/	יְהִי /yәˈhi/ [yәˈhiː]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect and stress	Spelling	Endings distinct and stress	Endings and quality of first vowel distinct

3ms. PC_imp "He will return"	/ˈyašwubu/ > /yaˈšûbu/[18]	ישוב	ישב* /yaˈšûb/ [yɐˈʃuːb]	/yaːˈšûb/	יָֹשוּב /yåˈšub/ [yɔːˈʃuːv]
3ms. PC_jus "Let him return" PC_pret "He returned"	/ˈyašwub/ > /ˈyašub/	ישב	/ˈyašub/ [ˈyɐʃʊb]? [ˈyɐʃo̞b]?	/yaːˈšob/	יָֹשֹב /yåˈšob/ [yɔːˈʃoːv]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect, length of second vowel and stress	Spelling	Length of second vowel and stress	Length and quality of second vowel	Quality of second vowel

2ms. PC_imp "You will put"	/ˈtuyśamu/ → /taˈśiːmu/	תשים	תשם* /taˈśiːm/ [tɐˈɬiːm]	/taːˈśiːm/	תָּשִֹים /yåˈśim/ [yɔːˈśiːm]
2ms. PC_jus "Put!" PC_pret "You have put"	/ˈtaśim/	תשם	/ˈtaśim/ [ˈtɐɬɪm]? [ˈtɐɬɛm]?	/ˈtaːśem/	תָּשֶֹם /ˈtåśɛm/ [ˈtɔːsɛm]
Distinction	Ending of imperfect, length of second vowel and stress	Spelling	Length of second vowel and stress	Length and quality of second vowel and stress	Quality of second vowel and stress

The disappearance of these formal distinctions is particularly problematic when trying to understand some poems describing events in the past where some verbs can be understood as:

(a) PC_{pret_sim} forms describing a completed historic action; or,

(b) PC_{imp_prfut} forms indicating present (incomplete) or future actions or general behavior; or,

See -

Tenses or Aspects in Biblical Hebrew

Time and Modal Implications of PC in Various Categories of BH Poetry

a) Archaizing Poetry

Table of Contents

Table A -Tense Implications of SC and PC in the Same Verse

Table B - Present Tense Indicated by the use of the SC of a Stative or Quasi-stative Verb and the PC_imp of an Action Verb in the Same Verse

Table C - PC_{pret_sim}and PC_pretWC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table D - PC_{pret_sim}and SC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table E - PC_pretWCand SC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table F - PC_{pret_sim}without PC_pretWC or SC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table G - PC_pretWC Should be Revocalized as PC_imp Due to Contextually Required Meaning (no examples in these poems)

Table H - A.P. Substitutes for PC_imp

b) PC_{pret_sim} in Prophetic Poetry

c) Observations on Some Aspects of the Use of Tenses in Psalms Table of Contents

Table A - Tense Implications of SC and PC in the Same Verse

Table B - Present Tense Indicated by the use of the SC of a Stative or Quasi-stative Verb and the PC_imp of an Action Verb in the Same Verse

Table C - PC_{pret_sim}and PC_pretWC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table D - PC_{pret_sim}and SC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table E - PC_pretWCand SC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table F - PC_{pret_sim}without PC_pretWC or SC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past

Table G - PC_pretWC Should be Revocalized as PC_imp Due to Contextually Required Meaning

Table H - Substitutes for PC_imp

B. The Biblical Hebrew Verbal System

1. Classes of Verbs[19]

Historically, in srtong verbs, in both the SC and PC (traditional "perfect" and "imperfect" respectively) of the qal, one of the three short primitive Semitic vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ appear between the second and third root consonant. The attested forms in BH are:

a. stative verbs (declined adjectives) e.g.כָּבֵד (EBHP */kaˈbid/ i-a class) "he is/was heavy", כָּבְדוּ (EBHP */kaˈbidū/) "They are/were heavy", יִכבַּד (EBHP */yikˈbad/ etc.) "They will be heavy"; קָטֺן (EBHP */qaˈṭun/ *[kˁɐˈṭʊn] or u-a class) "he is/was small", קָטֺנְתִּי (EBHP */qaˈṭuntī/ *[kˁɐˈṭuntī] or *[kˁɐˈṭo̞ntī]) "I am/was small", יִקְטַן (EBHP */yiqˈṭan/ etc.) "I will be small";

b. intransitive verbs e.g. לָמַדְתִּי (EBHP */laˈmad/ a-a class) "I learned", יִלְמַד (EBHP */yilˈmad/ etc.) "I will learn"; and,

c. transitive verbs e.g. לָכַד (EBHP */laˈkad/ a-u class) "he captured" (SC יִלְכֺּד EBHP */yilˈkud/ *[yɪlˈkʊd] etc.); נָתַן (EBHP */naˈtan/ a-i class) "he gave" (SC יִתֵּן EBHP */yitˈtin/ *[yɪtˈtɪn] or *[yɪtˈtɛn] etc.).

In Biblical Hebrew the u-a class is relict with only a few examples remaining; the a-i class consists of a small number of very common verbs; the a-a class shows clear signs of assimilating into the a-u class. In TH .... In MH, the i-a class and the remnants of the u-a class would be replaced by their already common biblical adjective forms - e.g. BH כבדו
(TH כָּבְדוּ) would be replaced by MH כבדים היו or היו כבדים and BH קטנתי (TH קָטֺנְתִּי ) would be replaced by MH קטן הייתי or הייתי קטן.

Table 33

Comparison of the Development (PH to TH) of Qal (a-u class)
Jussive, Imperative, Infinitive Construct and Infinitive Absolute

*PH

(c. 1200 BCE)

PMT

*/LBHP/ *[LBHP]

(c. 400-300 BCE)

EBHP

*/EBHP/⁺

(c. 850-550 BCE)

/TH/⁺ *[TH]

(c. 850 CE)

PC_jus 2ms.

/ˈtaqṭul/

/ˈtaqṭul/ > /ˈtiqṭul/

/tiqˈṭol/

תִּקְטֹל

/tiqˈṭol/

[tiqˈṭoːl]

Imperative 2ms.

/ˈquṭul/

/ˈqụṭul/ > /qụˈṭul/ >
/qˈṭul/[20]

[qәˈṭʊl]? [qәˈṭo̞l]? [qŭˈṭʊl]? [qŏˈṭo̞l]?

/qˈṭol/

קְטֹל

/qәˈṭol/

[qәˈṭoːl]

Imperative 2ms.

pronominal state

/quṭul/

/ˈquṭụl/ > /quṭˈlV/

[qʊṭˈlV]? [qo̞ṭˈlV]?

/qǫṭˈlv/

קָטל־

/qǫṭˈlV/ [qɔṭˈlV]

Infinitive Construct

/ˈquṭulu/ >

/quˈṭulu/

(abs. state)

/qụˈṭoːl/ > /qˈṭoːl/

[qәˈṭoːl]? [qŭṭoːl]?

[qŏˈṭoːl]?

/qˈṭoːl/

קְטֹל

/qәˈṭol/

[qәˈṭoːl]

/ˈquṭulu/ >

/quˈṭulu/

(pronominal state)

/quˈṭụl/ > /quṭˈl-/

[qʊṭˈlV-]? [qo̞ṭˈlV-]?

/quṭˈlV-/

קָטְל־

/qǫṭˈlV/ [qɔṭˈlV]

/quˌṭul/

(constr. state)

/qụˌṭul/ > /qˌṭul/

[qәˌṭʊl]? [qŭˌṭʊl]?

[qәˌṭo̞l]? [qŏˌṭo̞l]?

/qˌṭol/

קְטֹל

/qәˌṭol/

[qәˌṭoːl]

Infinitive Absolute

/qaˈṭālu/ > /qaˈṭōlu/

/qaˈṭōl/

[qɐˈṭoːl]

/qaːˈṭōl/

קָטוֹל

/qåˈṭol/ [qɔːˈṭoːl]

N.b. Regarding the length of the EBHP vowels after second root consonant of the strong verb, represented by ṣērê and ḥōlem in TH -

a) The following clearly had long vowels following the second root consonant of the strong verb in */EBHP/:

§ qal inf. abs. and the inf. constr. in the absolute form;

§ hiphil SC, PC, a.p. and inf. constr.; and,

§ the passive participles in general - qal (qaˈṭiːl; qaˈṭuːl); niphal (*niqˈṭaːl); pual (*muqaṭˈṭaːl); hophal (*muqˈṭaːl).

b) It is very likely that in all other cases the vowel, if any, following the second root consonant of the strong verb was short.

Table 34 - Common Stative and Similar Qal Verbs in TH Form[21]
Category	Meaning	SC[22]	PC[23] Characteristic vowel a in absence of proof to the contrary	Participle (= adjective in stative verbs)	Infinitive Construct
Attributes	to be good	טוֺבוּ	יִיטַב	טוֺב	טוֺב
	to be evil	רַע	יֵרַע	רַע
	to be big, grow (intransitive)	גָּדֵל/ גָּדַל		גָּדוֺל
	to be small	קָטֺן		קָטֺן
	to be high	גָּבַהּ		גָּבֺהַּ
	to be low	ֺשָפֵל		ֺשָפֵלֺ
	to be strong	חָזֵק		חָזֵק
	to be weak	דַּל	יִדַּל
	to be heavy	כָּבֵד*		כָּבֵד
	to be light	קַל	יֵקַל	קַל
	to be far	רָחַק		רָחוֹק
	to be close	קָרֵב/ קָרַב		קָרוֹב
	to approach (defective verb)	נָגֵֺש*	יִגַֺּש
	to adhere	דָּבֵק/ דָּבַק
	to be pure	טָהֵר		טָהוֹר
	to be impure	טָמֵא		טָמֵא
	to be full	מָלֵא		מָלֵא
Mental States	to love	אָהַב/אָהֵב	יֶאֱהַב
	to desire	חָפֵץ	יַחְפֹּץ
	to hate	שׇֺנֵא
	to fear	יׇרֵא	יִירׇא
	to dread*	יָגֹר	יָגוּר [גור]
	to tremble	חָרַד	יֶחֱרַד
	to fear, tremble	פָּחַד
	to forget	שָׁכֵחַ */ שָׁכַח
Physical States
	to wear (clothes)	לָבַשׁ / לָבֵשׁ
	to be sated	שָׂבֵעַ / שָׂבַע		שָׇׂבֵעַ
	to be hungry	רָעֵב		רָעֵב
	to be thirsty	צָמֵא		צָמֵא
	to sleep	יׇשֵׁן*	יִישַׁן
	to lie down, to be lying down	שָׁכַב			שְׁכַב
	to become childless	שָׁכֺל
Miscellaneous	to be able to	יָכֺל	יוּכַל
	to learn	לָמַד
	to die	מֵת	יׇמוּת
	to ask	שָׁאַל
	to inhabit	שָׁכַן (pausal[24] ) שָׇׁכֵן	יִשְׁכֺן
	to hear	שָׁמַע (pausal ֺשָׁמֵעַ)

Note the following quoted from Joϋon-Muraoka 1991 (§112) -

Active verbs which have as stative or quasi-stative meaning are treated like stative verbs[25]. They are mainly verbs expressing a state of mind, e.g. to hope: קִוִיתִי I hope, I wait for Ps 130.5; הוֹחַלְתִּי I hope Ps 130.5; חכְּתָה it waits Ps 33.20; בָּטַחְתִּ[26] I trust Ps 52.10; 56.5,12 etc.; קַצְתִּי I abhor Gn 27.46; מָאַסְתִּי I despise, reject with scorn Am 5.21; בָּחַרְתִּי I choose, I prefer Ps 84.11; רִחֵם he has mercy Ps 103.13 (cf. Zech 10.6); Job 3.26 (three perfects with similar meanings: I have no quiet, no peace, no rest). Note in particular that the verb יָדַע in the sense of to know is very often treated as a stative verb. In ordinary prose I know is יָדַעְתִּי, you know יָדַעְתָּ (often יָדַעְתָּ אַתָּה), he knows יָדַע (but more often יֹדֵעַ...), and rather rarely יֵדַע. Likewise the verb זָכַר is treated like a stative verb, e.g. זָכַרְנוּ we remember Nu 11.5. The verb עָמַד to take one's stand, to be in a standing position is treated like a stative verb when its meaning is practiucally stativbe, e.g. in the formula חַי־יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר עָמַדְתִּי לְפָנָיו by Yaweh the Living God whom I serve! 1Kg 17.118.15;2Kg 3.14;5.16. The perfectיָשַׁב to sit down, be sitting has trhe meaning of present stative in Ez 28.2; Lam 1.1.... In Nifal wed have e.g. Ez 26.19 לֹא־נֹושָׁבוּthey (no longer) are inhabited. [n. The verb נָפַל to fall is also used with the stative meaning of to have... fallen, to be lying... not only in the participle... but sometimes even in the finite tenses....]

2. Background on Biblical Hebrew Prefix Conjugation (PC) [27]

Unlike the suffix conjugation conjugation which was nominal in origin, the prefix conjugation (PC) was always verbal. As noted above, it also has one of the three primitive Semitic vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ between the second and third root consonant.

The vowel following the prefix in pre-exilic Hebrew was also /a/, /i/ or /u/ depending on the verbal stem (binyan), linguistic period and, undoubtedly, dialect.

In the simple stem of Arabic dialects both vowels tend to shift or sometimes disappear e.g. "he writes/will write"[28]: Damascene byәktob; Gulf yaktib; Yemenite yuktub; Tunesian Marazig yәktәb; Maltese yikteb . The situation in Arabic probably reflects what one would have found among the Canaanite languages and their, no doubt numerous dialects, in bronze and iron age Phonecia, Philistia, Israel, Judah, Ammon, Edom, and Moab.

Table 35 - History of Stress and Pronunciation of the Hebrew Verb in the Prefix Conjugation[29]
Verb Class		*PH (c. 1200 BCE)	PMT (c. 400-300 BCE)	EBHP /EBHP/⁺ [EBHP] (c. 850-550 BCE)	PTH /PTH/⁺ [PTH] (c. 400 CE)	TH /TH/⁺ *[TH] (c. 850 CE)	BH_IH [BH_IH] = [IH] (present)
	1. Strong Verbs
	Qal
a/u	1cs. PC_imp "I write, will write was writing"	/ˈʔaktubu/[30]+ > /’akˈtubu/	אכתב	/ʔakˈtub/[31] > /ʔikˈtub/ [ʔɪkˈtʊb]? [ʔɛkˈtʊb]? [ʔɪkˈto̞b]? [ʔɛkˈto̞b]?	/’ekˈtob/[32] [’exˈtov]	אֶכְתֹּב /’ɛkˈtob/ [’ɛxˈtoːv]	[ɛxˈtov]
	1cs. PC_coh "Let me write"	/ˈ’aktuba/ > /ʔakˈtubã/	אכתבה	/ʔakˈtụba(ː)/ > /’ikˈtụba(ː)/ [ʔɪkˈtʊbɐˑ]? [ʔɛkˈtʊbɐˑ]? [ʔɪkˈto̞bɐˑ]? [ʔɛkˈto̞bɐˑ]?	/’ektәˈbaː/	אֶכְתְּבָה /’ɛktәˈbå/ [’ɛxtәˈvɔː]	[ɛxtˈva]
	2ms. PC_imp "You write, will write were writing"	/ˈtaktubu/+ > /takˈtubu/	תכתב	/takˈtub/ > /tikˈtub/ [tɪkˈtʊb]? [tɪkˈto̞b]?	/tikˈtob/ [tixˈtov]	תִכְתֹב /tikˈtob/ [tixˈtoːv]	[tixˈtov]
	2fs.PC_imp "You write, will write were writing"	/taktubiːn(a)/ → /takˈtubiːn/[33]	תכתבי	/takˈtụbi(ː)/ > /tikˈtụbi(ː)/ [tɪkˈtʊbiˑ]? [tɪkˈto̞biˑ]?	/tiktәˈbiː/ (*pausal* /tikˈtoːbiː/)[34]	תִכְתְּבִי /tiktәˈbi/ [tixtәˈviː] (pausal תִּכְתֹּבִי /tikˈtobi/) [tixˈtoːviː]	[tixtˈviː] (pausal [tixˈtovi])
	2fs. PC_imp paragogic nun form "You write, will write were writing"	/taktubiːn(a)/ > /ˈtaktubiːna/+ > /taktuˈbiːna/	תכתבין	/taktụˈbiːn/ > /tiktụˈbiːn/ [tɪktʊˈbiːn]? [tɪkto̞ˈbiːn]?	/tiktәˈbiːn/	תִכְתְּבִין /tiktәˈbin/ [tixtәˈviːn]	[tixtˈvin]
	3ms. PC_imp "He writes, will write, was writing"	/ˈyaktubu/+> /yakˈtubu/	יכתב	/yakˈtub/ > /yikˈtub/ [yɪkˈtʊb]? [yikˈto̞b]?	/yikˈtob/ [yixˈtov]	יִכְתֹב /yikˈtob/ [yixˈtoːv]	[yixˈtov] ~ [ixˈtov]
	3ms. PC_imp "He guards, will guard, was guarding"	/ˈyašmuru/ > /yašˈmuru/	ישמר	/yašˈmur/ > /yišˈmur/ [yɪʃˈmʊɾ]? [yɪʃˈmo̞ɾ]?	/yišˈmor/ [yiʃˈmoɾ]	יִּשְׁמֹר /yišˈmor/ [yiʃˈmoːɾ]	[yiʃˈmoʁ̞] ~ [iʃˈmoʁ̞]
i/a	3ms. PC_imp "He will be heavy"	/ˈyakbadu/ > /yikˈbadu/	יכבד	/yikˈbad/ [yɪkˈbɐd]	/yikˈbad/ [yixˈbað]	יִכבַּד /yikˈbad/ [yixˈbɐːð]	[ixˈbad]
u/a	3ms. *PC_imp* "He will be small"	/ˈyaqṭanu/[35] > /yiqˈṭanu/	יקטן	/yiqˈṭan/ [yɪqˈṭɐn]	/yiqˈṭan/ [yiqˈṭan]	יִקְטַן /yiqˈṭan/ [yiqˈṭɐːn]	[yikˈtan] ~ [ikˈtan]
a-i class Vestigal. Most of the original verbs in this category assimilated to a/u-o paradigm	3ms. PC_imp "He goes down, will go down, was going down"	/ˈyawridu/ > /yawˈridu/ > /yawˈridu/ > /yaˈridu/[36]	ירד	/yaˈrid/ > /yiˈrid/[37] [yɪˈɾɪd]? [yɛˈɾɪd]?	/yeːˈred/ [yeːˈɾeð]	יֵרֵד /yẹˈrẹd/ [yẹːˈɾẹːð]	[yɛˈʁ̞ɛd]
	3ms. PC_imp "He goes down, will go down, was going down"	/ˈyawridu/ → /yaˈridu/	ירד	/yaˈrid/ > /yiˈrid/[37] [yɪˈɾɪd]? [yɛˈɾɪd]?	/yeːˈred/ [yeːˈɾeð]	יֵרֵד /yẹˈrẹd/ [yẹːˈɾẹːð]	[yɛˈʁ̞ɛd]
	3ms. PC_imp "He sits, will sit, was sitting"	/ˈyawšibu/ > /yawˈšibu/	ישב	/yawˈšib/ > /yaˈšib > /yiˈšib/[38] [yɪˈʃɪb]? [yɛˈʃɪb]?	/yeːˈšeb/ [yeːˈʃev]	יֵשֵב /yẹˈšẹb/ [yẹːˈʃẹːv]	[yɛˈʃɛv]
	3ms. PC_imp "He sits, will sit, was sitting"	/ˈyawšibu/ > /yawˈšibu/	ישב	/yawˈšib/ → /yayˈšib/ [yɐyˈʃɪb]? [yɛyˈʃɪb]?	/yêˈšeb/ [yeːˈʃev]	יֵשֵב /yẹˈšẹb/ [yẹːˈʃẹːv]	[yɛˈʃɛv]
	3ms. PC_imp "He goes out, will go out, was going out"	/ˈyawṣiʔu/ > /yawˈṣiʔu/	יצא	/yawˈṣiʔ/ > /yaˈṣiʔ/ > /yiˈṣiʔ/[39] [yɪˈṣɪʔ]? [yɛˈṣɪʔ]? OR	/yeːˈṣê/ [yeːˈṣeː]	יֵצֵא /yẹˈṣẹ/ [yẹːˈṣẹː]	[yɛˈtsɛ]
	3ms. PC_imp "He goes out, will go out, was going out"	/ˈyawṣiʔu/ > /yawˈṣiʔu/	יצא	/yawˈṣiʔ/ → /yayˈṣiʔ/ [yɐyˈṣɪʔ]? [yɛyˈṣɪʔ?]	/yêˈṣê/ [yeːˈṣeː]	יֵצֵא /yẹˈṣẹ/ [yẹːˈṣẹː]	[yɛˈtsɛ]
	3ms. PC_imp "He goes, will go, was going"	/ˈyawliku/ > /yawˈliku/	ילך	/yawˈlik/ > /yaˈlik/ > /yiˈlik/[40] [yɪˈlɪk]? [yɛˈlɪk]? OR	/yeːˈlek/ [yeːˈlex]	יֵלֵךְ /yẹˈlẹk/ [yẹːˈlẹːx]	[yɛˈlɛx]
	3ms. PC_imp "He goes, will go, was going"	/ˈyawliku/ > /yawˈliku/	ילך	/yawˈlik/ > /yayˈlik/ [yɐyˈlɪk]? [yɛyˈlɪk]?	/yêˈlek/ [yeːˈlex]	יֵלֵךְ /yẹˈlẹk/ [yẹːˈlẹːx]	[yɛˈlɛx]
	3ms. PC_pret (PCjus form similar) "He went"	/(way)ˈyilik/	וילך	/(way)ˈyilik/ [(wɐy)ˈyɪlɪk]? [(wɐy)ˈyɪlɛk]?	/(way)ˈyelek/ [(way)ˈyelex]	וַיֵּלֶךְ /(way)ˈyẹlɛk/ [(way)ˈyẹːlɛx][41]	[vaˈyɛlɛx] ~ [vayɛˈlɛx]
	3ms. PC_imp "He gives, will give, was giving"	/ˈyantinu/ > /ˈyattinu/ > /yatˈtinu/	יתן	/yatˈtin/ > /yitˈtin/[42] [yɪtˈtɪn]? [yɪtˈtɛn]?	/yitˈten/ [yitˈten]	יִתֵּן /yitˈtẹn/ [yitˈtẹːn]	[yitˈtɛn]
	3fs. PC_imp "She writes, will write, was writing"	/ˈtaktubu/+ > /takˈtubu/ > /takˈtub/	תכתב	/takˈtub/ > /tikˈtub/ [tɪkˈtʊb]? [tɪkˈto̞b]?	/tikˈtob/ [tixˈtov]	תִּכְתֹּב /tikˈtob/ [tixˈtoːv]	[tixˈtov]
	1cp. PC_imp "We write, will write were writing"	/ˈnaktubu/+> /nakˈtubu/	נכתב	/nakˈtub/ > /nikˈtub/ [nɪkˈtʊb]? [nɪkˈto̞b]?	/nikˈtob/ [nixˈtov]	נִכְתֹּב /nikˈtob/ [nixˈtoːv]	[niixˈtov]
	1cp. PCcoh "Let's write"	/ˈnaktuba/ > /nakˈtuba/ > /nakˈtubã/	נכתבה	/nakˈtụba(ː)/ > /nikˈtụba(ː)/ [nɪkˈtʊbɐˑ]? [nɪkˈto̞bɐˑ]?	/niktәˈbaː/	נִכְתְּבָה /niktәˈbå/ [nixtәˈvɔː]	[nixtˈva]
	1cp. *PC_coh* "Let's guard"	/ˈnašmura/ > /našˈmurã/	נשמרה	/našˈmụra(ː)/ > /nišˈmụra(ː)/ [nɪʃˈmʊɾɐˑ]? [nɪʃˈmo̞ɾɐˑ]?	/nišmәˈraː/	נִֺשְמְרָה /nišmәˈrå/ [niʃmәˈɾɔː]	[niʃmˈʁ̞a]
	2mp. PC_imp "You write, will write, were writing"	/taktubūn(a)/ → /takˈtubūn/	תכתבו	/takˈtụbū/ > /tikˈtụbū/ [tɪkˈtʊbuˑ]? [tɪkˈto̞buˑ]?	/tiktәˈbū/ (pausal /tikˈtoːbūː/)	תִּכְתְּבוּ /tiktәˈbu/ [tixtәˈvuː] pausal תִּכְתֹּבוּ /tikˈtobu/ [tixˈtoːvuː])	[tixtˈvu] (pausal /tikˈtovu/)
	2mp. PC_imp paragogic nun form "You write, will write, were writing"	/taktubūn(a)/ → /taktuˈbūna/[43]	תכתבון	/taktụˈbūn/> /tiktụˈbūn/ [tɪktʊˈbuːn]? [tɪkto̞ˈbuːn]?	/tiktәˈbūn/	תִּכְתְּבוּן /tiktәˈbun/ [tixtәˈvuːn]	[tixtˈvun]
	2fp. PC_imp "You write, will write, were writing"	/ˈtaktubna/ > /takˈtubnã/	תכתבנה	/takˈtubna(ː)/ > /tikˈtubna(ː)/ [tɪkˈtʊbnɐˑ]? [tɪkˈto̞bnɐˑ]?	/tikˈtobnaː/ [tixˈtovnaː]	תִּכְתֹּבְנָה /tikˈtobnå/ [tixˈtoːvnɔː]	[tixˈtovna]
	3mp. PC_imp [44] "They write, will write, were writing"	/yaktubūn(a)/ → /takˈtubūn/	יכתבו	/yakˈtụbū/ > /yikˈtụbū/ [yɪkˈtʊbuˑ]? [yɪkˈto̞buˑ]?	/yiktәˈbū/ (pausal /yikˈtoːbūː/)	יִכְתְּבוּ /yiktәˈbu/ [yixtәˈvuː] (pausal יִכְתֹּבוּ /yikˈtobu/ [yixˈtoːvuː])	[yixtˈvu] ~ [’ixtˈvu] ~ [ixtˈvu] (pausal [yixˈtovu] ~ [’ixˈtovu] ~ [ixˈtovu])
	3mp. PC_imp paragogic nun form "They write, will write, were writing"	/yaktubūn(a)/ → /yaktuˈbūna/	יכתבון	/yaktụˈbūn/ > /yiktụˈbūn/[45] [yɪktʊˈbuːn]? [yɪkto̞ˈbuːn]?	/yiktәˈbuːn/	יִכְתְּבוּן /yiktәˈbun/ [yixtәˈvuːn]	[yixtˈvun] ~ [’ixtˈvun] ~ [ixtˈvun]
	3fp. "They write, will write, were writing"	/ˈyaktubna/ > /takˈtubnã/	תכתבנה	/takˈtubna(ː)/ > /tikˈtubna(ː)/ [tɪkˈtʊbnɐˑ]? [tɪkˈto̞bnɐˑ]?	/tikˈtobnaː/ [tixˈtovnaː]	תִּכְתֹּבְנָהּ /tikˈtobnå/ [tixˈtoːvnɔː]	[tixˈtovna]
	Hiphil
	3ms. PC_imp "He causes to write, will cause to write, was causing to write,"	/yuˈhaktabu/ > /yahakˈtabu/	יכתיב	/yakˈtiːb/ [yɐkˈtiːb]	/yakˈtiːb/	יַכְתִּיב /yaxˈtib/ [yɐxˈtiːv]	[yaxˈtiv]
	3ms. PC_jus "Let him cause to write"	/yaˈhaktab/ > /ˈyaktib/	יכתב	/ˈyaktib/ [ˈyɐktɪb]? [ˈyɐktɛb]?	/yakˈteb/ [yaxˈtev]	יַכְתֵּב /yakˈtẹb/ [yɐxˈtẹːv]	[yaxˈtɛv]
	Hophal
	3ms. PC_imp "He will be made to write etc."	/ˈyuhaktabu/ > /yukˈtabu/	יכתב	/yukˈtab/ [yʊkˈtɐb]? [yo̞kˈtɐb]?	/yukˈtab/ [yuxˈtɐv]? [yoxˈtɐv]?	יָכְתֵּב /yǫkˈtab/ [yɔxˈtɐːv]	[yuxˈtav]
	Piel
	3ms. PC_imp	/yaˈqaṭṭilu/ > /yaqaṭˈṭilu/[46]	יקטל	/yạqaṭˈṭil/ [yɐqɐṭˈṭɪl]? [yɐqɐṭˈṭɛl]?	/yәqaṭˈṭel/[47] [yәqaṭˈṭel]	יְקַטֵּל /yәqaṭˈṭẹl/ [yәqɐṭˈṭẹːl]	[yәkaˈtɛl]
	Pual[48]
	3ms. PC_imp	/yuˈquṭṭalu/ > /yuquṭˈṭalu/	יקטל	/yụquṭˈṭal/[49] [yʊqʊṭˈṭɐl][50]	/yәquṭˈṭal/ [yәquṭˈṭɐl]	יְקֻטַּל /yәquṭˈṭal/ [yәquṭˈṭɐːl]	[yәkuˈtal]
	Hitpael
	3ms. PC_imp	/yatˈqaṭṭalu/ > /yatqaṭˈṭilu/? /yatqaṭˈṭalu/?	יתקטל	/yitqaṭˈṭil/[51] [yɪtqɐṭˈṭɪl]? [yɪtqɐṭˈṭɛl]?	/yitqaṭˈṭel/ [yitqaṭˈṭel]	יִתְקַטֵּל /yitqaṭˈṭẹl/ [yitqɐṭˈṭẹːl]	[yitqaˈtɛl]
	Niphal
	3ms. PC_imp	/yanˈqaṭilu/[52] > /yanqaˈṭilu/ > /yiqqaˈṭilu/	יקטל	/yiqqaˈṭil/ [yiqqaˈṭɪl]? [yiqqaˈṭɛl]?	/yiqqaːˈṭel/[53] [yiqqaːˈṭel]	יִקָּטֵל /yiqqåˈṭẹl/ [yiqqɔːˈṭẹːl]	[yәkaˈṭɛl]
	2. Singly Weak Verbs
	פ״א verbs[54] Qal 3ms. C_imp "He says/will say"	/ˈya’muru/ > /ˈyâmuru/ > /ˈyômuru/ > /ˈyômiru/ > /yôˈmiru/	יאמר	/yôˈmir/ [yoːˈmɪɾ]? [yoːˈmɛɾ]?	/yôˈmar/ [yoːˈmaɾ]	יֹאמַר /yoˈmar/ [yoːˈmɐːɾ]	[yoˈmaʁ̞]
	פ״א verbs Qal PC_pret (PC_imp form similar) 3ms. "He said"	/ˈya’mur/ > /ˈyâmur/ > /ˈyômur/ > /(way)ˈyômir/	ויאמר	/(way)ˈyômir/ [(wɐy)ˈyoːmɪɾ]? [(wɐy)ˈyoːmɛɾ]?	/(way)ˈyômer/	וַיֹּאמֶר /(way)ˈyomɛr/ [(way)ˈyoːmɛɾ]	[(va)ˈyomɛʁ̞]
	פ״א verbs Hiphil 3ms. PC_imp "He will lengthen"	/ˈya’riku/ > /ya’ˈriːku/	יאריך	/ya’ˈriːk/ [yɐ’ˈɾiːk]	/ya’ăˈriːk/	יַאֲרִיךְ /ya’ăˈrik/ [yɐ’ɐ̆ˈɾiːx]	[yaaˈʁ̞ix]
	פ״י verbs √yrʔ Qal PC_imp 3ms. "He fears/will fear"	/ˈyayraʔu/ > /ˈyiyraʔu/ > /ˈyȋraʔu/ > /yȋˈraʔu/	יירא	/yîˈraʔ/ [yiːˈɾɐʔ]	/yîˈrâ/	/yiˈrå/ [yiːˈɾɔː]	[iˈʁ̞a]
	פ״ו verbs Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He sits, will sit, was sitting"	/ˈyawšibu/ > /yawˈšibu/	ישב	/yawˈšib/ > /yaˈšib > /yiˈšib/[55] [yɪˈʃɪb]? [yɪˈʃɛb]?	/yeːˈšeb/ [yeːˈʃev]	יֵשֵב /yẹˈšẹb/ [yẹːˈʃẹːv]	[yɛˈʃɛv]
		/ˈyawšibu/ > /yawˈšibu/	ישב	/yawˈšib/ > /yayˈšib/ [yɐyˈʃɪb]? [yɐyˈʃɛb]?	/yêˈšeb/ [yeːˈʃev]	יֵשֵב /yẹˈšẹb/ [yẹːˈʃẹːv]	[yɛˈʃɛv]
	פ״ו verbs Qal PC_pret (PC_imp form similar) 3ms. "He sat/dwelt"	/ˈyawšib/ > /(way)ˈyayšib/	וישב	/(way)ˈyayšib/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐyʃib]? [(wɐy)ˈyɐyʃɛb]?	/(way)ˈyêšeb/ [(way)ˈyeːʃev]	וַיֵּשֶׁב /(way)ˈyẹšɛb/ [(wɐy)ˈyẹːʃɛb]	[(va)ˈyɛːʃɛv] ~ [(va)yɛːˈʃɛv]
	פ״ו verbs Hiphil 3ms. PC_imp "He makes sit/will make sit"	/ˈyawšibu/ > /yawˈšiːbu/	יושיב	/yawˈšiːb/ [yawˈʃῑb]? [yɔ̝wˈʃῑb]?	/yôˈšiːb/	יוֹשִיב /yoˈšib/ [yoːˈʃiːv]	[yoˈʃiv]
	פ״ו verbs Hiphil 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar) "He made sit/dwell"	/(way)ˈyawšib/	ויושב	/(way)ˈyawšib/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐwɪb]? [(wɐy)ˈyɐwšɛb]?	/(way)yôˈšeb/ OR /(way)ˈyôšeb/	וַיּוֹשֵב (way)yoˈšẹb/ [(wɐy)yoːˈʃẹːv] OR וַיּוֹשֶב /(way)ˈyošɛb/ [(wɐy)ˈyoːʃɛv]	[(va)yoˈʃẹv] ~ [(va)ˈyoʃɛv]
	פ״ו verbs Niphal PC_imp 3ms. Other PC_imp, infinitive and part. forms analogous. "It will be inhabited"	/yanˈwašibu/ > /yawwaˈšibu/	יושב	/yawwaˈšib/ [yɐwwɐˈʃɪb]? [yɐwwɐˈʃɛb]?	/yiwwaːˈšeb/ [yiwwaːˈʃev]	יִוָּשֵב /yiwwåˈšẹb/ [yiwwɔːˈʃẹːv]	[ivaˈʃɛv]
	פ״י verbs Qal PCimp 3ms. Other perfect, PC_imp, infinitive and part. forms analogous. "It will be dry"	/ˈyiybašu/ > /yȋˈbašu/	ייבשׁ	/yȋˈbaš/ [yiːˈbɐʃ]	/yȋˈbaš/ [yiːˈbaʃ]	יִיבַש /yiˈbaš/ [yiːˈvɐːʃ]	[iˈbaʃ]
	פ״י verbs Qal PCi_mp 3ms. Other perfect, PC_imp, infinitive and part. forms analogous. "It will be good"	/ˈyiyṭabu/ > /ˈyîṭabu/ > /yîˈṭabu/	ייטב	/yîˈṭab/ [yiːˈṭɐb]	/yîˈṭab/ [yiˈṭav]	יִטַב /yiˈṭab/ [yiːˈṭɐːv]	[yiˈtav]
	פ״י Hiphil PC_imp 3ms. Other perfect, PC_imp, infinitive and part. forms analogous. "It will be done well"	/yayˈṭiːbu/	יטיב	/yayˈṭiːb/ [yɐyˈṭiːb]? [yɛyˈṭiːb]?	/yêˈṭiːb/	יֵטִיב /yẹˈṭib/ [yẹːˈṭiːv]	[yɛˈtiv]
	פ״י Hiphil PC_pret (PC_jus form similar) 3ms. "It was done well"	/(way)ˈyayṭib/	ויטב	/(way)ˈyayṭib/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐyṭɪb? [(wɐy)ˈyɛyṭɪb]? [(wɐy)ˈyɐyṭɛb]? [(wɐy)ˈyɐyṭɛb]?	/(way)ˈyêṭeb/ [(way)ˈyeːṭev]	וַיֵּטֶב /(way)ˈyẹṭɛb/ [(wɐy)ˈyẹːṭɛv]	[(vay)ˈyɛtɛv] ~ [(vay)yɛˈtɛv]
	ע״ו Qal 3ms. PC_imp . Other forms analogous. "He will stand up"	/ˈyaqwumu/ > /yaˈqûmu/[56]	יקום	/yaˈqûm/ [yɐˈquːm]	/yaːˈquːm/	יָקוּם /yåˈqum/ [yɔːˈquːm]	[yaˈkum]
	ע״ו Qal 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). Other forms analogous. "He stood up"	/(way)ˈyaqum/	ויקם	/(way)ˈyaqum/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐqʊm]? [(wɐy)ˈyɐqo̞m]?	/(way)ˈyaːqom/	וַיָּקֺם /(way)ˈyåqom/ [(wɐy)ˈyɔːqɔm]	[(va)ˈyakom] ~ [(va)yaˈkam]
	ע״י Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He will put"	/ˈyaśyimu/ > /yaśˈyimu/	ישים	/yaˈśîm/ [yɐˈɬiːm]	/yaːˈśîm/ [yaːˈsiːm]	יָשִים /yåˈśim/ [yɔːˈsiːm]	[yaˈsim]
	ע״י Qal 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). "He put"	/(way)ˈyaśim/	וישם	/(way)ˈyaśim/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐɬim]? [(wɐy)ˈyɐɬɛm]?	/(way)ˈyaːśem/ [(way)ˈyaːsem]	וַיָּשֶם /(way)ˈyåśɛm/ [(wɐy)ˈyɔːsɛm]	[(va)ˈyasɛm] ~ [(va)yaˈsɛm]
	ל״ה Qal PCimp 1cs. "I accept/will accept"	/ˈ’arṣayu/ > /’arˈṣayu/	ארצה	/’arˈṣê/ > /’ir ˈṣê/ [’ɪrˈṣẹː]? [’ɛrˈṣẹː]?	/’erˈṣê/	אֶרְצֶה /’ɛrˈṣɛ/ [’ɛrˈṣɛː]	[ɛrˈtsɛ]
	ל״ה Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He turns/will turn"	/ˈyipnayu/ > /yipˈnayu/	יפנה	/yipˈnay/ > /yipˈnê/ [yɪpˈnẹː]	/yipˈneː/	יִפְנֶה /yipˈnɛ/ [yifˈnɛː]	[ifˈnɛ]
	Lamed-He Qal PCpret (PC_jus form similar) 3ms. "He turned"	/(way)ˈyipnay/	ויפן	/(way)ˈyipnay/ > /(way)ˈyipn/ [(wɐy)ˈyɪpn]? [(wɐy)ˈyɪpәn]?	/(way)ˈyipen/ [(way)ˈyifen]	וַיִּפֶן /(way)ˈyipɛn/ [(way)ˈyiːfɛn]	[(va)ˈyiːfɛn] ~ [(va)ˈiːfɛn]
	ל״ה Qal 3ms. PC_imp "They will be soaked"	/ˈyarwayū/ > /yarˈwayū/[57]	ירוו	/yarˈway/ → /yirˈwū/ [yɪɾˈwuː]	/yirˈwū/	יִרְווּ /yirˈwu/ [yiɾˈwuː]	[yiʁ̞ˈvu] ~ [iʁ̞ˈvu]
	Lamed-He Qal 3mp. PC_imp paragogic nun form. "They will be soaked"	/yarwaˈyūna/	ירויו	/yarwạˈyūn/ > /yirwạˈyūn/[58] [yɪɾwɐˈyuːn]	/yirwәˈyūn/	יִרְוֻן /yirwәˈyun/ [yiɾwәˈyuːn]	[yiʁ̞ˈvun] ~ [iʁ̞ˈvun])
	ל״ה Niphal 1cs. PC_imp "I will appear pleasing"	/yanˈraṣiyu/ > /yarraˈṣiyu/	ארצה	/yarraˈṣiy/ → /yarraˈṣê/ > /yirraˈṣê/ [yɪɾɾɐˈṣẹː]	/yeːraːˈṣê/	יֵרָצֶה /yẹråˈṣɛ/ [yẹːɾɔːˈṣɛː]	[ɛʁ̞aˈtsɛ]
	ל״ה Piel 3ms. PC_imp "He reveals/will reveal"	/yuˈgalliyu/ > /yaˈgalliyu/ > /yagalˈliyu/	יגלה	/yagalˈliy/ → /yạgalˈlê/ [yɐgɐlˈlẹː]	/ygalˈlê/	יְגַלֶּה /yәgalˈlɛ/ [yәɣɐlˈlɛː]	[yәgaˈlê]
	Lamed-He Piel 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). "He revealed"	/yuˈgalliy/ > /(way)yaˈgalliy/	ויגל	/(way)yạˈgalliy/ > /(way)yạˈgall/ [(wɐy)yɐˈgɐll]	/(wa)yˈgal/ [(wa)yˈɣal]	וַיְגַל /(wa)yˈgal/ [(wɐ)yˈɣɐːl]	[(va)yˈgal]
	Lamed-Guttural Piel PCimp. 3ms. "He wll send"	/ˈyašallaḥu/ → /yašalˈliḥu/	ישלח	/yạšalˈliḥ/ [yɐʃɐlˈlɪħ]	/yšalˈlaḥ/[59] [yәʃalˈlaħ]	יְֹשַלַּח /yәšalˈlaḥ/ [yәʃɐlˈlɐːħ]	[yәʃaˈlax]
	2. Doubly Weak Verbs
	נתן Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He wll give etc"	/ˈyantinu/ > /yatˈtinu/	יתן	/yitˈtin/ [yɪtˈtɪn]? [yɪtˈtɛn]?	/yitˈten/ [yitˈten]	יִתֵּן /yitˈtẹn/ [yitˈtẹːn]	[iˈtɛn]
	בוא Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He will enter etc."	/yaˈbaːʔ u/ > /yaˈboːʔu/	יבוא	/yaˈboːʔ/[60] [yɐˈboːʔ]	/yaːˈboː/	יָבוֹא /yåˈbo/ [yɔːˈvoː]	[yaˈvo]
	ל״א פ״י Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He will fear"	/ˈyiyraʔu/ > /yȋˈraʔu/	ירא	/yȋˈraʔ/ [yiːˈɾɐʔ]	/yȋˈraː/	יִרָא /yiˈrå/ [yiːˈɾɔː]	[iˈʁ̞a]
	ל״ה פ״ע Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He will do etc."	/ˈya^cśayu/ > /ya^cˈśayu/	יעשה	/ya^cˈśay/ > /ya^cˈśê/ > /yi^cˈśê/ [yɪ^cˈɬẹː]	/ya^căˈśê/ [ya^căˈseː]	יַעֲשֶׂה /ya^căˈśɛ/ [yɐː^cɐ̆ˈsɛː]	[yaaˈsɛ]
	ל״ה פ״ע Qal 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). "He did"	/(way)ˈya^cśay/	ויעש	/(way)ˈya^cśay/ > /(way)ˈya^cś/ > /(way)ˈyi^cś/ [(wɐy)ˈyɪ^cɬ]? [(wɐy)ˈyɪ^cɐ̆ɬ]?	/(way)ˈya^caś/ [(way)ˈya^cas]	וַיַּעַשׂ /(way)ˈya^caś/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐː^cɐs]	[(va)yaˈas]
	ל״ה פ״ע Hiphil 3ms. PC_imp "He will raise up etc."	/ˈya^cliyu/ > /ya^cˈliyu/	יעלה	/ya^cˈliy/ > /ya^cˈlê/ [yɐ^cˈlẹː]	/ya^căˈlê/ [ya^căˈleː]	יַעֲלֶה /ya^căˈlɛ/ [yɐː^cɐ̆ˈlɛː]	[yaaˈlɛ]
	היה Qal 3ms. PC_imp "He will be"	/ˈyihyayu/ > /yihˈyayu/ OR /ˈyahyayu/ > /yahˈyayu/	יהיה	/yahˈyayu/ > /yahˈyê/ > /yihˈyê/ [yɪhˈyẹː]	/yihˈyê/	יִהְיֶה /yihˈyɛ/ [yihˈyɛː]	[yiˈyɛ] ~ [iˈyɛ]
	היה Qal 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). "He was"	/(way)ˈyihyay/	ויהי	/(way)ˈyahyay/ > /(way)ˈyahy/> (way)ˈyihy/ /(wɐy)ˈyɐhiy/ (/EBHP/?) > /(way)ˈyahî/ (/EBHP/?) > /(way)ˈyihî/ (/EBHP/?)[61]	/(way)yәˈhiː/	וַיְהִי /(wa)yˈhi/ [(wɐ)yˈhiː]	[(wa)yˈ'i]
	היה Qal 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). "He was"	/(way)ˈyihyay/	ויהי	/(way)ˈyahyay/ > /(way)ˈyihy/ (/EBHP/?) [(wɐy)ˈyɪhy]? [(wɐy)ˈyɪhĭy]? > /(way)ˈyihiy/ (/EBHP/?) > /(way)ˈyihî/ (/EBHP/?)	/(way)yәˈhiː/	וַיְהִי /(wa)yˈhi/ [(wɐ)yˈhiː]	[(wa)yˈ'i]
	ל״ה פ״נ Hiphil PCpret (PC_jus form same) 3ms. "He lengthened"	/(way)ˈya’rik/	ויארך	/(way)ˈya’rik/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐ’ɾɪk]? [(wɐy)ˈyɐ’ɾɛk]?	/(way)ya’ăˈrẹk/ [(way)ya’ăˈɾẹx]	וַיַּאֲרֵךְ /(way)ya’ăˈrẹk/ [(wɐy)yɐː’ɐ̆ˈɾẹːx]	[(va)ya.aˈʁ̞ɛx]
	ל״ה פ״נ Hiphil 3ms. PC_imp "He strikes down/will strike down"	/ˈyankiyu/ > /yakˈkiyu/	יכה	/yakˈkiy/ > /yakˈkê/ [yɐkˈkẹː]	/yakˈkê/	יַכֶּה /yakˈkɛ/ [yɐkˈkɛː]	[yaˈkɛ]
	ל״ה פ״נ Hiphil 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar) ."He struck down"	/ˈyankiy/ > /(way)ˈyakkiy/	ויך	/(way)ˈyakk/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐkk]	/(way)ˈyak/	וַיַּךְ /(way)ˈyak/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐːx]	[(va)ˈyax]
	ל״א פ״נ Qal 3ms. PC_imp. "He carries/will carry"	/ˈyinśaʔu/ > /yiśˈśaʔu/	ישא	/yiśˈśaʔ/ [yɪsˈsɐʔ]	/yiśˈśâ/	יִשָּא /yiśˈśå/ [yisˈsɔː]	[iˈsa]
	ל״א Qal 3ms. PC_imp. "He calls outs/will call out"	/ˈyiqra’u/ > /yiqˈra’u/	יקרא	/yiqˈra’/ [yɪqˈɾɐ’]	/yiqˈrâ/	יִקְרָא /yiqˈrå/ [yiqˈɾɔː]	[ikˈʁ̞a]
	Pe-Gutteral and Lamed He Hiphil 3ms. PC_imp "He brings up/will bring up, was bringing up "	/ˈya^clayu/ > /ya^cˈlayu/	יעל	/ya^cˈlay/ > /ya^cˈlê/ [yɐ^cˈlẹː]	/ya^căˈlê/ [yɐ^căˈleː]	יַעֲלֶה /ya^căˈlɛ/ [yɐː^cɐ̆ˈlɛː]	[yaaˈlɛ]
	ל״ה פ״ע Hiphil 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). "Let him bring up"	/(way)ˈya^clay/	ויעל	/(way)ˈya^clay/ > /(way)ˈya^cl/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐ^cl]	/(way)ˈya^cal/ [(way)ˈya^cal]	וַיַּעַל /(way)ˈya^cal/ [(wɐy)ˈyɐː^cɐl]	[(va)ˈya.al]
	3. Irregular Verbs
	הלך Qal 3ms. PC_imp. "He goes, will go, was going"	/ˈyawliku/ > /yaˈliku/	ילך	/yaˈlik/ > /yiˈlik/ [yɪˈlɪk]? [yɛˈlɪk]?	/yeːˈlẹk/ [yeːˈlex]	יֵלֵךְ /yẹˈlẹk/ [yẹːˈlẹːx]	[yɛˈlɛx]
	הלך 3ms. PC_pret (PC_jus form similar). "He went"	/ˈyawlik/ > /(way)ˈyalik/	וילך	/(way)ˈyalik/ > /(way)ˈyilik/[62] [(wɐy)ˈyɪlɪk]? [(wɐy)ˈyɪlɛk]?	/(way)ˈyelek/ [(way)ˈyelex]	וַיֵּלֶךְ /(way)ˈyẹlɛk/ [(wɐy) ˈyẹːlɛx]	[(va)ˈyɛlɛx]

3. Background on Biblical Hebrew Suffix Conjugation (traditional "perfect")

The suffix conjugation was originally a declined adjective[63] that enlarged its original signification (e.g. "I am good") to include the state of having completed intransitive and transitive actions eventually replacing the old preterite (PC_pret). In BH, the “waw conversive" of the SC assumes the range of meanings of the PC imperfect (PC_imp).

Table 36 - History of Stress and Pronunciation of the Hebrew Verb in the SC[64]
Verb Class		*PH (c. 1200 BCE)	PMT (c. 400-300 BCE)	EBHP /EBHP/⁺^{^[65]} [EBHP] ^{^[66]} (c. 850-550 BCE)	PTH /PTH/⁺ [PTH] (c. 400 CE)	TH /TH/⁺ *[TH] (c. 850 CE)	BH_IH [BH_IH] = [IH] (present)
a-u	1 cs. "I wrote"	/ˈkatabku/ > /ˈkatabtu/+ > (≈ suffix /ῑ/, verbal object suffix /nī/, and possibly independant pronoun 1cs.) /kaˈtabtῑ/	כתבתי	/kaˈtabtῑ/ [kɐˈtɐbtiˑ]	/kaːˈtabtῑ/ [kaːˈθavtiː]	כָּתַבְתִּי /kåˈtabti/ [kɔːˈθɐːvtiː]	[kaˈtavti]
i-a	1cs. "I am/was sated"	/ˈśabi^cku/ > /ˈśabi^ctu / > /śaˈbi^ctĩ/[67] > /śaˈba^ctĩ/	שבעתי	/śaˈba^cti(ː)/ [ɬɐˈbɐ^ctiˑ]	/śaːˈba^ctiː/ [saːˈva^ctiː]	שָׂבַעְתִּי /śåˈba^cti/ [sɔːˈvɐː^ctiː]	[saˈvati]
u-a	1cs. "I am/was small"	/ˈqaṭunku/ > /ˈqaṭuntu/ > /qaˈṭuntĩ/[68]	קטנתי	/qaˈṭunti(ː)/ [qɐˈṭʊntiˑ]? [qɐˈṭo̞ntiˑ]?	/qaːˈṭontiː/ [qaːˈṭontiː]	קָטׂנְתִּי /qåˈṭonti/ [qɔːˈṭoːntiː]	[kaˈtonti]
a-u	2ms. "You wrote"	/ˈkatabta/+> /kaˈtabtã/	כתבת	/kaˈtabta(ː)/[69] [kɐˈtɐbtɐˑ]	/kaːˈtabtaː/ [kaːˈθavtaː]	כָּתַבְתָּ /kåˈtabtå/ [kɔːˈθɐːvtɔː]	[kaˈtavta]
i-a	"you are/were fat"	/ˈšamintã/ > /šaˈmintã/ > /šaˈmantã/[70]	שמנת	/šaˈmanta(ː)/ [ʃɐˈmɐntɐˑ]	/šaːˈmantaː/ [ʃaːˈmantaː]	שָׁמַנְתָּ /šåˈmantå/ [ʃɔːˈmɐːntɔː]	[ʃaˈmanta]
a-u	2fs. "You wrote"	/ˈkatabti/+> /kaˈtabtĩ/[71]	כתבת	/kaˈtabti(ː)/ > /kaˈtabt/ [kɐˈtɐbt]	/kaːˈtabt/	כָּתַבְתְּ /kåˈtabt/ [kɔːˈθɐvt]	[kaˈtavt]
a-u	3ms. "He wrote"	/ˈkataba/+ > /kaˈtaba/	כתב	/kaˈtab/[72] [kɐˈtɐb]	/kaːˈtab/ [kaːˈθav]	כָּתַב /kåˈtab/ [kɔːˈθɐːv]	[kaˈtav]
i-a	3ms. "He was heavy"	/ˈkabida/ > /kaˈbida/	כבד	/kaˈbid/ [kɐˈbɪd]? [kɐˈbɛd]?	/kaːˈbed/ [kaːˈbeð]	כָּבֵד /kåˈbẹd/ [kɔːˈvẹːð]	[kaˈvɛd]
u-a	3ms. "He is/was small"	/ˈqaṭuna/ > /qaˈṭuna/	קטן	/qaˈṭun/[73] [qɐˈṭʊn]? [qɐˈṭo̞n]?	/qaːˈṭon/ [qaːˈṭon]	קָטׂן /qåˈṭon/ [qɔːˈṭoːn]	[kaˈton]
a-u	3fs. "She wrote"	/ˈkatabat/+> /kaˈtabat/[74]	כתבה	/kaˈtạbâ/[75] [kɐˈtɐbɐˑ]	/kaːtәˈbâ/	כָּתְבָה /kåtˈbå/ [kɔːθәˈvɔː]	[katˈva]
i-a	3fs. "She was heavy"	/ˈkabidat/ > /kaˈbidat/[76]	כבדה	/kaˈbịdâ/ [kɐˈbɪdɐˑ]? [kɐˈbɛdɐˑ]?	/kaːbәˈdâ/	כָּבְדָה /kåbәˈdå/ [kɔːvәˈðɔː]	[kavˈda]
a-u	1cp. "We wrote"	/ˈkatabna/+ (≈ independent pronoun (ʾa)naḥnū and the subject suffix -nū) /kaˈtabnū/	כתבנו	/kaˈtabnū/ [kɐˈtɐbnuˑ]	/kaːˈtabnū/ [kaːˈθavnū]	כָּתַבְנוּ /kåˈtabnu/ [kɔːˈθɐːvnuː]	[kaˈtavnu]
	2mp. "You wrote"	/katabˈtumu/> /katabˈtimã/	כתבתם	/kạtabˈtim/ [kɐtɐbˈtɪm]? [kɐtɐbˈtɛm]?	/kәtabˈtem/ [kәθavˈtem]	כְּתַבתֶּם /kәtabˈtɛm/ [kәθɐvˈtɛːm]	[kәtavˈtem]
	2fp. "You wrote"	/ˈkatabtinna/ > /katabˈtinnã/	כתבתן	/kạtabˈtin/ [kɐtɐbˈtɪn]? [kɐtɐbˈtɛn]?	/kәtabˈten/ [kәθavˈten]	כְּתַבתֶּן /kәtabˈtɛn/ [kәθɐvˈtɛːn]	[kәtavˈten]
	3mp. "they wrote"	/ˈkatabū/ > /kaˈtabū/[77]	כתבו	/kaˈtabū/ [kɐˈtɐbuˑ]	/kaːtәˈbū/	כָּתְבוּ /kåtәˈbu/ [kɔːθәˈvuː]	[katˈvu]
i-a	3mp. "They were heavy"	/ˈkabidū/ > /kaˈbidū/ > /kaˈbidū/[78]	כבד	/kaˈbịdū/ [kɐˈbɪduˑ]	/kaːbәˈdū/	כָּבְדוּ /kåbәˈdu/ [kɔːvәˈðuː]	[kavˈdu]
	Niphal 3mp. "They were written"	/ˈnakatibū/ > /nakaˈtibū/	נכתבו	/nakˈtịbū/ > /nikˈtạbū/ [nɪkˈtɐbuˑ]	/niktәˈbū/	נִכְתְּבוּ /niktәˈbu/ [nixtәˈvuː]	[nixtˈvu]
	Piel 3ms. "He wrote constantly"	/ˈkattaba/[79] > /katˈtaba/ > /katˈtiba/	כתב	/kitˈtib/[80] [kɪtˈtɪb]? [kɪtˈtɛb]?	/kitˈteb/[81] [kitˈtev]	כִּתֵּב /kitˈtẹb/ [kitˈtẹːv]	[kiˈtɛv]
	Pual 3ms.	/ˈkuttiba/ → /kutˈtaba/	כתב	/kutˈtab/ [kʊtˈtɐb]	/kutˈtab/	כֻּתַּב /kutˈtab/ [kutˈtɐːv]	[kuˈtav]
	Hithpiel 3ms.	/hitˈkattaba/ OR /hitˈkattaba/ → /hitkatˈtiba/	התכתב	/hitkatˈtib/ [hɪtkɐtˈtɪb]? [hɪtkɐtˈtɛb]?	/hitkatˈteb/ [hitkatˈtev]	הִתְכַתֵב /hitkatˈtẹb/ [hitkɐtˈtẹːv]	[hitkaˈtɛv] ~ [ʔitkaˈtɛv] ~ [itkaˈtɛv]
	hiphil - 3ms. "He caused to write"	/ˈhaktaba/ > /hakˈtaba/ > /hikˈtaba/ > /hikˈtiba/ > /hikˈtiːba/	הכתיב	/hikˈtiːb/[82] [hɪkˈtiːb]	/hikˈtiːb/	הִכְתִּיב /hikˈtib/ [hixˈtiːv]	[hixˈtiv] ~ [ʔixˈtiv] ~ [ixˈtiv]
	היה 3^rd (m.s.) "He was"	/ˈhawaya/? /ˈhayaya/?	היה	/haˈyay/ > /haˈyâ/[83] [hɐˈyɐː]	/haːˈyâ/	הָיָה /håˈyå/ [hɔːˈyɔː]	[haˈya] ~ [ʔaˈya] ~ [aˈya]
	היה 2ms. "You were"	/ˈhayiyta/ > /haˈyiyta/ > /haˈyîtã/	היית	/haˈyîta(ː)/ [hɐˈyiːtɐˑ]	/haːˈyîtaː/	הָיִיתָ /håˈyitå/ [hɔːˈyiːθɔː]	[haˈyita] ~ [ʔaˈyita] ~ [aˈyita]
	היה 3fs. "She was"	/ˈhayayat/ > /haˈyayat/ > /haˈyât/	היתה (epigraphic הית)	/haˈyât/ ≈ /haˈyata(ː)/ [hɐˈyɐtɐˑ] (JEH /haˈyaːt*/)	/haːyәˈtaː/	הָיְתָה /håyәˈtå/ [hɔːyәˈθɔː]	[hayˈta] ~ [ʔayˈta] ~ [ayˈta]
	נתן 2ms. "You gave"	/ˈnatanta/ > /naˈtattã/	נתת	/naˈtatta(ː)/ [nɐˈtɐttɐˑ]	/naːˈtattaː/ [naːˈθattaː]	נָתַתָּה /nåˈtattå/ [nɔːˈθɐːttɔː]	[naˈtata]
a-i	נתן 2fs. "You gave"	/ˈnatanti/ > /naˈtattĩ/	נתת	/naˈtat(t)/ [nɐˈtɐtt]	/naːˈtat/	נָתַתְּ /nåˈtat/[84] [nɔːˈθɐːt]	[naˈtata]
	III-Guttural Piel 3ms. "He sent" (contextual)	/ˈšallaḥa/ → /šilˈliḥa/	שלח	/šilˈliḥ/ [ʃɪlˈlɪħ]	/šilˈlaḥ/[85] [ʃilˈlaħ]	שִׁלַּח /šilˈlaḥ/ [ʃilˈlɐːħ]	[ʃilˈlax]
	III-Guttural 3ms. "He sent" (pausal)	/ˈšallaḥa/ → /šilˈliḥa/	שלח	/šilˈliḥ/ [ʃɪlˈlɪħ]	/šilˈleːaḥ/[86]	שִׁלֵּחַ /šilˈleaḥ/ [ʃilˈlẹːɐħ]	[ʃilˈlɛ.ax]
	III-Guttural Qal 3ms. "He heard" contextual	/ˈšami^ca/ > /šaˈmi^ca/	שמע	/šaˈmi^c/ [ʃɐˈmɪʕ]? OR /šaˈma^c/ [ʃɐˈmɐʕ]	/šaːˈma^c/	שָׁמַע /šåˈma^c/ [ʃɔːˈmɐː^c]	[ʃaˈma]
	III-Guttural 3ms. "He heard" pausal	/ˈšami^ca/ > /šaˈmi^ca/	שמע	/šaˈmi^c/ [ʃɐˈmɪʕ]? OR /šaˈma^c/ [ʃɐˈmɐʕ]	/šaːˈmeːa^c/[87]	שָׁמֵע /šåˈmẹa^c/ [ʃɔːˈmẹːɐʕ]	[ʃaˈmɛ.a]
	ל״ה originally ל״ו verbs- 3ms.[88] "He went into exile"	/ˈgalawuː/	גלה	/gaˈlay/ > /gaˈlâ/ [gɐˈlɐː]	/gaːˈlâ/	גָּלָה /gåˈlå/ [gɔːˈlɔː]	[gaˈla]
	ל״ה originally ל״י verbs- 3ms. "He built"	/ˈbanaya/ > /baˈnaya/	בנה	/baˈnay/ > /baˈnâ/ [bɐˈnɐː]	/baːˈnâ/	בָּנָה /båˈnå/ [bɔːˈnɔː]	[baˈna]
	ל״ה originally ל״י verbs- 3fs."she built"	/ˈbanayat/ > /baˈnayat/ > /baˈnata(ː)/	בנתה	/baˈnata(ː)/ [bɐˈnɐtɐˑ]	/baːnәˈtaː/	בָּנְתָה /bånˈtå/ [bɔːnәˈθɔː]	[banˈta]
	ל״ה verbs 1cs. Other forms analogous "I leaned"	/ˈnaṭayu/ > /ˈnaṭaytu/ > /naˈṭaytĩ/ > /naˈṭîtĩ/	נטיתי	/naˈṭîti(ː)/[89] [nɐˈṭiːtiˑ]	/naːˈṭîti(ː)/	נָטִיתִי /nåˈṭiti/ [nɔːˈṭiːθiː]	[naˈtiti]
	ל״ה verbs 1cs. Other forms analogous "I leaned"	/baˈniyku/ > /baˈniytu/ > /baˈniytĩ/ > /baˈnîtĩ/	בניתי	/baˈnîti(ː)/ [bɐˈniːtiˑ]	/baːˈnîtiː/	בָּנִיתִי /båˈniti/ [bɔːˈniːθiː]	[baˈniti]
	ל״ה verbs 1 cp. Other forms analogous "We built"	/baˈniynū/ > /baˈniynū/ > /baˈnînū/	בנינו	/baˈnînū/ [bɐˈniːnuˑ]	/baːˈnînū/	בָּנִינוּ /båˈninu/ [bɔːˈniːnuː]	[baˈninu]
	ל״א verbs 3ms.[90] "He called"	/ˈqaraʔa/ > /qaˈraʔa/	קרא	/qaˈraʔ/ [qɐˈrɐʔ]	/qaːˈrâ/	קָרָא /qåˈrå/ [qɔːˈrɔː]	[kaˈra]
	ל״א verbs 2ms. "You created"	/ˈbaraʔta/ > /baˈraʔtã/	בראת	/bɐˈrɐʔtɐ(ː)/ [bɐˈrɐʔtɐˑ]	/baːˈrâtaː/	בָּרָאתָ /båˈråtå/ [bɔːˈrɔːtɔː]	[baˈrata]
	verbs ע״ו ע״י 1cs. Other forms analogous "I stood up"	/ˈqa(ː)mtĩ/	קמתי	/ˈqa(ː)mti(ː)/ [ˈqaːmtiˑ]? [ˈqɐmtiˑ]?	/ˈqaːmtiː/	קַמְתִּי /ˈqåmti/ [ˈqɔːmtiː]	[ˈkamti]
	ל״ה verbs 2fs. "You commanded"	/ˈṣawwayta/ > /ṣawˈwiyta/ > /ṣawˈwatã/	צותה	/ṣawˈwạta(ː)/ > /ṣiwˈwạta(ː)/ [ṣɪwˈwɐtɐˑ]	/ṣiwwәˈtaː/	צִוְּתָה /ṣiwwәˈtå/ [ṣiwwәˈθɔː]	[tsivˈta]
	פ״ו verbs 3ms. Other forms analogous "He caused to sit/dwell"	/ˈhawšaba/ > /hawˈšiba/	הושיב	/hawˈšiːb/[91] [hɐwˈʃiːb]? [hɔ̝wˈʃiːb]?	/hôˈšiːb/	הוֹשִׁיב /hoˈšib/ [hoːˈʃiːv]	[hoˈʃiv] ~ [ʔoˈʃiv] ~ [oˈʃiv]
	פ״י verbs 3ms. Other SC, PC, infinitive and part. forms analogous "He did well"	/hayˈṭiːba/	היטיב	/hayˈṭiːb/ [hɐyˈṭiːb]? [hɛyˈṭiːb]?	/hêˈṭiːb/	הֵיטִיב /hẹˈṭib/ [hẹːˈṭiːv]	[hɛˈtiv] ~ [ʔɛˈtiv] ~ [ɛˈtiv]
	ל״א verbs 3ms."He did wonders"	/ˈhaplaʔa/> /hapˈliʔa/	הפליא	/hipˈliːʔ/ [hɪpˈliːʔ]	/hipˈliː/	הִפְלִיא /hipˈli/ [hifˈliː]	[hifˈli] ~ [ʔifˈli] ~ [ifˈli]
	פ״י originally פ״ו verbs 3ms. "It was brought back"	/ˈhuwšaba/ > /hûˈšaba/	הושב	/hûˈšab/ [huːˈʃɐb]	/hûˈšab/ [huːˈʃav]	הוּׁשַב /huˈšab/ [huːˈʃɐːv]	[huˈʃav] ~ [ʔuˈʃav] ~ [uˈʃav]
	פ״י originally פ״ו verbs 3mp. "They were brought down"	/ˈhuwradū/ > /hûˈradū/	הורדו	/hûˈradū/ [huːˈrɐduˑ]	/hûrәˈdū/	הוּרְדוּ /hurәˈdu/ [huːrәˈðuː]	[hurˈdu] ~ [ʔurˈdu] ~ [urˈdu]
	פ״ו verbs 3ms. Other SC, PC, infinitive and part. forms analogous. "It was inhabited"	/ˈnawšaba/	נושב	/nawˈšab/ [nɐwˈʃɐb]? [nɔ̝wˈʃɐb]?	/nôˈšab/ [noːˈʃav]	נוֹֹשַב /noˈšab/ [noːˈʃɐːv]	[noˈʃav]
	ל״א verbs 3ms. "It was found"	/ˈnamṣaʔa/		/namˈṣaʔ/ > /nimˈṣaʔ/ [nɪmˈṣɐʔ]	/nimˈṣâ/	נִמְצָא /nimˈṣå/ [nimˈṣɔː]	[nimˈtsa]

4. Participles, Imperatives and Infinitives

Table 37 - History of Stress and Pronunciation of the Hebrew Imperatives, Participles and Infinitives
	*PH (c. 1200 BCE)	PMT (c. 400-300 BCE)	EBHP /EBHP/⁺ [EBHP] (c. 850-550 BCE)	PTH /PTH/⁺ [PTH] (c. 400 CE)	TH /TH/⁺ *[TH] (c. 850 CE)	BH_IH [BH_IH] = [IH] (present)
Imperative
Qal (a-u class)

Ms.	/ˈquṭul/	קטל	/ˈqụṭul/ > /qụˈṭul/ > /qˈṭul/[92] [qˈṭʊl]? [qәˈṭʊl]? [qˈṭo̞l]? [qәˈṭo̞l]? [qŭˈṭʊl]?[93] [qŏˈṭo̞l]?	/qәˈṭol/[94]	קְטֹל /qәˈṭol/ [qәˈṭoːl]	[kˈtol]
Ms. with Paragogic heh[95] contextual	/quˈṭulã/	[96]קטלה	/qụˈṭula(ː)/ > /qˈṭula(ː)/ [qˈṭʊlɐˑ]? [qәˈṭʊlɐˑ]? [qŭˈṭʊlɐˑ]?	Form 1. /qǫṭˈlaː/ Form 1. /qǫṭˈlaː/ > /qiṭˈlaː/	קָטְלָה /qǫṭˈlå/ [qɔṭˈlɔː]	[kotˈla]
Ms. with Paragogic heh pausal	/quˈṭulã/	[96]קטלה		/qәˈṭoːlaː/[97]	קְטֹלָה /qәˈṭolå/ [qәˈṭoːlɔː]	[kˈtola]
Fs. contextual	/quˈṭulĩ/	קטלי	/qụˈṭuli(ː)/ > /qˈṭuli(ː)/ [qˈṭʊliˑ]? [qәˈṭʊliˑ]? [qŭˈṭʊliˑ]?	/qiṭˈliː/	קִטְלִי /qiṭˈli/ [qiṭˈliː]	[kitˈli]
Fs. pausal	/quˈṭulĩ/	קטלי		/qәˈṭoːliː/	קְטֹלִי /qәˈṭoli/ [qәˈṭoːliː]	[kˈtoli]
Mp. contextual	/quˈṭulū/	קטלו	/qụˈṭulū/ > /qˈṭulū/[98] [qˈṭʊluˑ]? [qәˈṭʊluˑ]? [qŭˈṭʊluˑ]?	/qiṭˈlū/	קִטְלוּ /qiṭˈlu/ [qiṭˈluː]	[kitˈlu]
Mp. pausal	/quˈṭulū/	קטלו		/qәˈṭoːlū/	קְטֹלוּ /qәˈṭolu/ [qәˈṭoːluː])	[kˈtolu]
Fp.	/quˈṭubnã/	קטלנה	/quˈṭulna(ː)/ > /qәˈṭulna(ː)/ [qәˈṭʊlnɐˑ]? [qŭˈṭʊlnɐˑ]?	/qәˈṭoːlnaː/	קְטֹלְנָה /qәˈṭolnå/ [qәˈṭoːlnɔː]	[kˈtolna]
Qal (a-i class)
Ms.	/ˈnitin/ > /ˈtin/	תן	/ˈtin/ [ˈtɪn]? [ˈtɛn]?	/ˈtẹn/	תֵּן /ˈtẹn/ *[ˈtẹːn]	[ˈtɛn]
	/ˈyirid/ > /ˈrid/	רד	/ˈrid/ [ˈɾɪd]? [ˈɾɛd]?	/ˈrẹd/	רֵד /ˈrẹd/ [ˈɾẹːð]	[ˈʁ̞ed]
	/ˈhilik/ > /ˈlik/	לך	/ˈlik/ [ˈlɪk]? [ˈlɛk]?	/ˈlẹk/	לֵךְ /ˈlẹk/ [ˈlẹːx]	[ˈlex]
Ms. with Paragogic heh	/ˈnitnã/ > /ˈtinã/	תנה	/ˈtịna(ː)/ [ˈtɪnɐˑ]	/tәˈnaː/	תְּנָה [tәˈnɐː] pausal תֵּנָה	[tˈna]
Fs.	/ˈnitinĩ/ > /ˈtinĩ/	תני	/ˈtịni(ː)/ [ˈtɪniˑ]	/tәˈniː/	תְּנִי [tәˈniː] pausal תֵּנִי [ˈtẹniː]	[tˈni]
Mp.	/niˈtinū/ > /ˈtinū/	תנו	/ˈtịnū/ [ˈtɪnuˑ]	/tәˈnū/	תְּנוּ [tәˈnuː] pausal תֵּנוּ [ˈtẹnuː]	[tˈnu]
Fp.	/niˈtinnã/ > /ˈtinnã/	תננה	/ˈtinna(ː)/ [ˈtɪnnɐˑ]	/ˈtәnnaː/	תֵּנְנָה [ˈtẹnnɔː]	[ˈtena]
Qal (i-a class)
Ms.	/ˈkabad/	כבד	/ˈkạbad/ > /kˈbad/ [kәˈbɐd]? [kɐ̆ˈbɐd]?	/kәˈbad/	כְּבַד /kәˈbad/ [kәˈvɐð]	[kˈvad]
Fs.	/kaˈbadĩ/	כבדי	/kaˈbạdiː/ > /kˈbạdiː/ [kәˈbɐdiˑ]? [kɐ̆ˈbɐdiˑ]?	/kibˈdῑ/	כִּבְדִי /kibˈdi/ [kivˈðiː]	[kivˈdi]
Mp.	/kaˈbadū/	כבדו	/kaˈbạduː/ > /kˈbạduː/ [kәˈbɐduˑ]? [kɐ̆ˈbɐduˑ]?	/kibˈdū/	כִּבְדוּ /kibˈdu/ [kivˈðuː]	[kivˈdu]
Fp.	/kaˈbadnã/	כבדנה	/kạˈbadna(ː)/ > /kˈbadna(ː)/ [kәˈbɐdnɐˑ]? [kɐ̆ˈbɐdnɐˑ]?	/kәˈbadnaː/	כְּבַדְנָה /kәˈbadnå/ [kәˈvɐðnɔː]	[kˈvadna]
Piel
Masc. sing.	ˈpallaṭ > /palˈliṭ/	פלט	/palˈliṭ/ [pɐlˈlɪṭ]	/palˈleṭ/[99] [palˈleṭ]	פַּלֵּט /palˈlẹṭ/ [pɐlˈlẹːṭ]	[paˈlɛt]
Hiphil
Masc. sing.	/haqˈbir/	הקבר	/haqˈbir/ [hɐqˈbɪɾ]? [hɐqˈbɛɾ]?	/haqˈber/ [haqˈbeɾ]	הַקְבֵּר /haqˈbẹr/ [hɐqˈbẹːɾ]	[hakˈbɛʁ̞]
Weak Verbs
ע״ו qal (ms.)	/ˈquːm/	קום	/ˈquːm/	/ˈquːm/	קוּם /ˈqum/ [ˈquːm]	[ˈkum]
ע״ו qal (ms. Paragogic heh)	/ˈquːmã/	קומה	/ˈquːma(ː)/ [ˈkˁuːmɐˑ]	/ˈquːmaː/	קוּמָה /ˈqumå/ [ˈkˁuːmɔː]	[ˈkuːma]
ל״א qal (ms.)	/ˈmaṣaʔ/ > maˈṣaʔ	מצא	/maˈṣaʔ/ [mɐˈṣɐʔ]	/mәˈṣâ/ [mәˈṣaː]	מְצָא /mәˈṣå/ [mәˈṣɔː]	[mәˈtsa]
ל״ה qal (ms.)	/šaˈtay/ > /šaˈtê/	שתה	/šaˈtê/ [ʃɐˈtẹː]	/šәˈtê/ [ʃәˈθeː]	שְׁתֶה /šәˈtɛ/ [ʃәˈθɛː]	[ˈʃtɛ]
ל״ה־פ״ע qal (ms.)	/^caˈśay/ > /^caˈśê/	עשה	/^caˈśê/ [^cɐˈɬẹː]	/^căˈśê/ [^căˈseː]	עֲשֶׂה /^căˈśɛ/ [^cɐ̆ˈsɛː]	[aˈsɛ]
ל״ה־פ״א qal (ms.)	/raˈʔay/ > /raˈʔê/	ראה	/raˈʔê/ [ɾɐˈʔẹː]	/rәˈʔê/ [ɾәˈʔeː]	רְאֵה /rәˈʔẹ/ [ɾәˈʔẹː]	[ʁ̞әˈɛ]
היה qal (m.s.)	/haˈyay/ > /haˈyê/	היה	/haˈyê/ [hɐˈyẹː]	/hĕˈyê/ [hĕˈyeː]	הֱיֵה /hɛ̆ˈyẹ/ [hɛ̆ˈyẹː]	[ɛˈyɛ]
Participle (for the strong verbs follow these links - qal; qal-stative; niphal; piel; pual; hithpael; hophal)
Qal
Weak Verbs
Ms. verbs ע״ו ע״י	/ˈqâmu/ or /ˈqamu/	קם	/ˈqâm/ [ˈqaːm]	/ˈqâm/	קָם /ˈqåm/ [ˈqɔːm]	[ˈkam]
Qal Passive
Ms.	/qaˈṭuːlu/ > /qaˈṭuːl/	קטול	/qaˈṭuːl/ [qɐˈṭuːl]	/qaːˈṭūl/	קָטוּל /qåˈṭul/ [qɔːṭuːl]	[kaˈtul]
Weak Verbs
ל״ה qal (ms.)	/gaˈlūyu/	גלוי	/gaˈlūy/ [gɐˈluːy]	/gaːˈlūy/	גָּלוּי /gåˈluy/ [gɔːˈluy]	[gaˈluy]
ל״ה qal (fs.)	/gaˈluːyatu/ > /galuːˈyatu/	גלויה	/gạluːˈyâ/ [gɐluːˈyɐː]	/gәluːˈyâ/	גְּלוּיָה /gәluˈyå/ [gәluːˈyɔː]	[gluˈya]
Hiphil
Ms.	/muˈhaqbiru/> /muhaqˈbiru/	מקביר	/maqˈbiːr/ [mɐqˈbiːɾ]	/maqˈbiːr/	מַקְבִּיר /maqˈbir/ [mɐqˈbiːɾ]	[makˈbiʁ̞]
Fs. Form 1	/muhaqˈbiratu/ > /muhaqbiˈratu	מקבירה	/maqbiːˈrâ/ [mɐqbiːˈɾɐː]	/maqbiːˈrâ/	מַקְבִּירָה /maqbiˈrå/ [mɐqbiːˈɾɔː]	[makbiˈʁ̞a]
Fs. Form 2	/muhaqˈbiratu/> /muhaqˈbirtu	מקברת	/maqˈbirt/ [mɐqˈbɪɾt]	/maqˈberet/ [maqˈbeɾeθ]	מַקְבֶּרֶת /maqˈbɛrɛt/ [mɐqˈbɛːɾɛθ]	[makˈbɛʁ̞ɛt]
Weak Verbs
פ״י verbs Ms.	/ˈmayniqu/> /mayˈniqu/	מיניק	/mayˈniːq/ [mɐyˈniːq]? [mɛyˈniːq]?	/mêˈniːq/ [meːˈniːq]	מֵינִיק /mẹˈniq/ [mẹːˈniːq]	[mɛˈnik]
ע״י and ע״ו verbs Ms.	/miˈqῑmu/	מקים	/miˈqῑm/[100] [mɪˈqiːm]? [mɛˈqiːm]?	/meˈqῑm/ [meˈqiːm]	מֵקִים /mẹˈqim/ [mẹːˈqiːm]	[mɛˈkim]
Hophal
Weak Verbs
Pe-Yod Lamed -Gutteral verbs Fs.	/ˈmuwda^ctu/ > /ˈmûda^ctu/ > /mûˈda^ctu/	מודעת	/mûˈda^ct/ [muːˈdɐ^ct]	/mûˈda^cat/ [muːˈða^caθ]	מוּדַעַת /muˈda^cat/ [muːˈðɐː^cɐθ]	[muˈda.at]
Infinitive Construct
Qal	/ˈquṭulu/ > /quˈṭulu/ (abs. state)	קטל	/qụˈṭoːl/[101] > /qˈṭoːl/ [qәˈṭoːl]? [qŭṭoːl]? [qŏˈṭoːl]?	/q(ә)ˈṭoːl/	קְטֹל /qәˈṭol/ [qәˈṭoːl]	[kˈtol]
	/ˈquṭulu/ > /quˈṭulu/ (pronominal state[102])		/quˈṭụl/ > /quṭˈl-/ [qʊṭˈl-]? [qo̞ṭˈl-]? (e.g. /quṭˈliː/)	/quṭˈl-/ [quṭˈl-]? [qǫṭˈl-]?	קָטְל־ /qǫṭˈl-/ (e.g. [qɔṭˈliː])	[kotˈl-] (e.g. [kotˈli])
	/quˌṭul/ (constr. state)		/qụˌṭul/ > /qˌṭul/ [qәˌṭʊl]? [qŭˌṭʊl]? [qәˌṭo̞l]? [qŏˌṭo̞l]?	/qˌṭol/	קְטֹל /qәˌṭol/ [qәˌṭoːl]	[kˌtol]
	/ˈšakabu/ > /šaˈkabu/ (abs. state)	שכב	/šạˈkab/ > /šˈkab/ [ʃɐ̆ˈkɐb]? [ʃәˈkɐb]?	/š(ә)ˈkab/ [ʃ(ә)ˈxav]	שְׁכַב /š(ә)ˈkab/ [ʃ(ә)ˈxɐːv]	[ʃˈxav]
	/ˈšakabu/ > /šaˈkabu/ (pronominal state)		[≈= chacteristic vowel u form] /šukˈb-/ [ʃʊkˈb-]? [ʃo̞kˈb-]?	/šukˈb-/	שָׁכְב /šåkˈb-/ [ʃɔxˈb-]	[ʃoxˈb-]

		עשות	/^cạˈśôt/ [^cɐˈɬoːt]	/^cˈśôt / [^căˈsoːθ]? [^cәˈsoːθ]?	עֲשוֹת /^căˈśot/ [^cɐ̆ˈsoːθ]	[aˈsot]
	/ˈhiliku/ > /hiˈliku/	לכת √HLK	/hiˈlik/ > /hˈlik/ [≈= "segolate" noun] > /ˈlikt/ [ˈlɪkt]	/ˈleket/ [ˈlexeθ]	לֶכֶת /ˈlɛkɛt/ [ˈlɛːxɛθ]	[ˈlɛxɛt]
Infinitive Absolute
Qal	/qaˈṭālu/ > /qaˈṭōlu/[103]	קטול	/qaˈṭōl/[104] [qɐˈṭoːl]	/qaːˈṭōl/	קָטוֹל /qåˈṭol/ [qɔːˈṭoːl]	[kaˈtol]