History of the Hebrew Language by David Steinberg

Edition 1.

20 September 2011

Observations on Tenses in Archaizing Poetry

by David Steinberg

David.Steinberg@houseofdavid.ca

Home page http://www.houseofdavid.ca/

Return to Table of Contents

See Tenses or Aspects in Biblical Hebrew

To print use PDF file here

Table A

Tense Implications of SC and PC in the Same Verse

Chapt./Vs. of Hebrew Text	*Comments and Time Reference* (Reconstructed JEH Style Spelling; */EBHP/⁺; n.b. EBHP PC_pret and PC_jus were identical.)	*English Translation(s)*[1]	*Masoretic* *Text*^{^[2]}
*Sequence SC-PC*
Gen 49:9	SC_past - past - עלת SC_state or SC_timeless - כרע רבץ PC_jus[3] – jussive יקמנו - yạqiːˈmannū. Identical form in PC_{pret_sim} and PC_imp_.	Judah is a lion's whelp; from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches down, he stretches out like a lion, like a lioness-- who dares rouse him up?	גּוּר אַרְיֵה יְהוּדָה מִטֶּרֶף בְּנִי עָלִיתָ כָּרַע רָבַץ כְּאַרְיֵה וּכְלָבִיא מִי יְקִימֶנּוּ׃
Gen 49:26	SC_past - past - גברו PC_jus – jussive - תהיינ - tihˈyayyn. Identical form in PC_{pret_sim}and PC_imp.	The blessings of your father are stronger than the blessings of the eternal mountains, the bounties of the everlasting hills; may they be on the head of Joseph, on the brow of him who was set apart from his brothers	אָבִיךָ גָּבְרוּ בִּרְכֹת עַל־בִּרְכֹת הֹורַי עַד־תַּאֲוַת גִּבְעֹת עֹולָם תִּהְיֶין לְרֹאשׁ יֹוסֵף וּלְקָדְקֹד נְזִיר אֶחָיו
Ex 15:9	SC_past - past - (אמר) PC_{imp_prfu}_t - future - ארדפ- ʾirˈdup (:ˈʾirdup PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) - אשג - ʾaśˈśiːg (:ˈʾaśśig PC_jus/ PC_{pret_sim}) - אחלק - ʾạḫalˈliq (:ʾạˈḫalliq PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) - תמלאמו - timlaˈʾimō. Identical form in PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}_. - ארק - ʾaˈriːq (:ˈʾariq PC_jus/ PC_{pret_sim}) - תורשמו - tawriːˈšimō. Identical form in PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}_.	The enemy said, 'I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil, my desire shall have its fill of them. I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them.'	אָמַר אֹויֵב אֶרְדֹּף אַשִּׂיג אֲחַלֵּק שָׁלָל תִּמְלָאֵמֹו נַפְשִׁי אָרִיק חַרְבִּי תֹּורִישֵׁמֹו יָדִי
Ex 15:12	Table D SC_past - past – נטת. PC_{pret_sim}- past - תבלעמו - tiblaˈ^cimō. Identical form in PC_jus and PC_imp_.	You stretched out your right hand, the earth swallowed them.	נָטִיתָ יְמִינְךָ תִּבְלָעֵמֹו אָרֶץ
Ex 15:14	Table D SC_past - past (שמעו אחז) PC_{pret_sim} - past (ירגזנ). Identical form in PC_imp.	The peoples heard, they trembled; pangs seized the inhabitants of Philistia.	שָׁמְעוּ עַמִּים יִרְגָּזוּן חִיל אָחַז יֹשְׁבֵי פְּלָשֶׁת׃
Ex 15:15	Table D SC_past - past (נבהלו נמגו) PC_{pret_sim}- past - יאחזמו - yôḫịˈzimō. Identical form in PC_jus and PC_imp.	Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed; trembling seized the leaders of Moab; all the inhabitants of Canaan melted away.	אָז נִבְהֲלוּ אַלּוּפֵי אֱדֹום אֵילֵי מֹואָב יֹאחֲזֵמֹו רָעַד נָמֹגוּ כֹּל יֹשְׁבֵי כְנָעַן׃
Num 23:10	SC_hyp - jussive sense (מנה) [4] PC_jus – jussive תמת 'tamut (:ta'muːt PC_imp) ותהי waˈtihy (:watihˈyê PC_imp)	Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the dust-cloud of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let my end be like his!"	מִי מָנָה עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב וּמִסְפָּר אֶת־רֹבַע יִשְׂרָאֵל תָּמֹת נַפְשִׁי מֹות יְשָׁרִים וּתְהִי אַחֲרִיתִי כָּמֹהוּ
Num 23:20	SC_past - past (לקחתי) PC_jus – jussive (אשבנה). Identical form in PC_imp/PC_{pret_sim}_.	See, I received a command to bless; he has blessed, and I cannot revoke it	הִנֵּה בָרֵךְ לָקָחְתִּי וּבֵרֵךְ וְלֹא אֲשִׁיבֶנָּה
Dt 32:18	Table C, Table D, Table E SC_past - past (ילדכ) PC_{pret_sim}- past תשי ˈtišy (:tiˈšê PC_imp) PC_pretWC - past ( ותשכח ) - watˈtiškaḥ (:wạtišˈkaḥ PC_imp:wạˈtiškaḥ PC_jus)	You were unmindful of the Rock that bore you; you forgot the God who gave you birth.	צוּר יְלָדְךָ [5]תֶּשִׁי וַתִּשְׁכַּח אֵל מְחֹלְלֶךָ
Dt 32:21	SC_past - past (קנאני כעסני). Identical form in PC_jus and PC_imp. PC_{imp_prfu}_t - future (אקנאמ אכעסמ). Identical form in PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim.}	They made me jealous with what is no god, provoked me with their idols. So I will make them jealous with what is no people, provoke them with a foolish nation.	הֵם קִנְאוּנִי בְלֹא־אֵל כִּעֲסוּנִי בְּהַבְלֵיהֶם וַאֲנִי אַקְנִיאֵם בְּלֹא־עָם בְּגֹוי נָבָל אַכְעִיסֵם
Dt 32:22	Table B, Table E Either - 1) SC_past - past (קדחה) PC_pretWC - past ותיקד - watˈtîqad (:watîˈqad PC_imp:wạˈtîqad PC_jus) ותאכל watˈtôkịl (:wạtôˈkịl PC_imp:wạˈtôkịl PC_jus) ותלהט wattạˈlahhiṭ (:watạlahˈhiṭ PC_imp:wạtạˈlahhiṭ PC_jus) OR, 2) SC_state- present (קדחה) PC_pretWC - present mirroring the meaning of the accompanying SC_state (ותיקד ותאכל ותלהט)	For a fire was/is kindled by my anger, and burned/burns to the depths of Sheol; it has consumed/consumes the earth and its increase, and set/sets on fire the foundations of the mountains.	כִּי־אֵשׁ קָדְחָה בְאַפִּי וַתִּיקַד עַד־שְׁאֹול תַּחְתִּית וַתֹּאכַל אֶרֶץ וִיבֻלָהּ וַתְּלַהֵט מֹוסְדֵי הָרִים
Dt 32:26	SC_past - past (אמרתי) PC_{imp_prfu}_t - future (אפאיהמ אשבתה) . Identical form in PC_{pret_sim}and PC_jus.	I thought "I will scatter them and I will blot out the memory of them from humankind"	אָמַרְתִּי אַפְאֵיהֶם אַשְׁבִּיתָה מֵאֱנֹושׁ זִכְרָם
Dt 32:29	SC_state- present (חכמו) PC_jus – jussive (ישכלו יבנו) Identical form in PC_{pret_sim}and PC_imp.	If they were wise, they would understand this; they would discern what the end would be.	לוּ חָכְמוּ יַשְׂכִּילוּ זֹאת יָבִינוּ לְאַחֲרִיתָם
Dt 32:41	Table B SC_state- present (שנתי) PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present/future - ותאחז - wạtôˈḫiz (:wạˈtôḫiz PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) אשב - ʾaˈšiːb (:ˈʾašib PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) אשלמ - ʾạšalˈlim (:ʾạˈšallim PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim})	when I whet my flashing sword, and my hand takes hold on judgment; I take/will take vengeance on my adversaries, and repay/will repay those who hate me.	אִם־שַׁנֹּותִי בְּרַק חַרְבִּי וְתֹאחֵז בְּמִשְׁפָּט יָדִי אָשִׁיב נָקָם לְצָרָי וְלִמְשַׂנְאַי אֲשַׁלֵּם
Dt 33:8	Table D SC_past - past (אמר נסתה) PC_{pret_sim} - past (תרבהו). Identical form in PC_{pret_sim}and PC_imp.	Of Levi he said, "Let Your Thummim and Your Urim belong to Your godly man, whom You proved at Massah, with whom You contended at the waters of Meribah	וּלְלֵוִי אָמַר תֻּמֶּיךָ וְאוּרֶיךָ לְאִישׁ חֲסִידֶךָ אֲשֶׁר נִסִּיתֹו בְּמַסָּה תְּרִיבֵהוּ עַל־מֵי מְרִיבָה
Dt 33:9	Table D SC_past - past (אמר נסתה) ינצרו could be read as either: PC_{pret_sim, OR} PC_{imp_pdur}	who said of his father and mother, "I regard them not"; he ignored his kin, and did not acknowledge his children. For they observed your word, and kept your covenant.	הָאֹמֵר לְאָבִיו וּלְאִמֹּו לֹא רְאִיתִיו וְאֶת־אֶחָיו לֹא הִכִּיר וְאֶת־ [בָּנֹו כ] (בָּנָיו ק) לֹא יָדָע כִּי שָׁמְרוּ אִמְרָתֶךָ וּבְרִיתְךָ יִנְצֹרוּ
Dt 33:12	SC_past - past (אמר) PC_jus – jussive ישכנ - ˈyiškun (:yišˈkun PC_imp) SC_state- present (שכנ)	Of Benjamin he said, "May the beloved of the LORD dwell (PC_jus) in security (OR The beloved of the LORD dwells (PC_{imp_prfu}_t) in security) by Him who shields him all the day and he dwells between His shoulders."	לְבִנְיָמִן אָמַר יְדִיד יְהֹוָה יִשְׁכֹּן לָבֶטַח עָלָיו חֹפֵף עָלָיו כָּל־הַיֹּום וּבֵין כְּתֵיפָיו שָׁכֵן
Dt 33:29	SC_state - past into present (נושע) PC_{imp_prfu}_t - future ויכחשו - Identical form in PC_{pret_sim} and PC_jus. - תדרכ - tidˈruk (:ˈtidruk PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim})	Happy are you, O Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by the LORD, the shield of your help, and the sword of your triumph! Your enemies shall come fawning to you, and you shall tread on their backs.	אַשְׁרֶיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִי כָמֹוךָ עַם נֹושַׁע בַּיהוָה מָגֵן עֶזְרֶךָ וַאֲשֶׁר־חֶרֶב גַּאֲוָתֶךָ וְיִכָּחֲשׁוּ אֹיְבֶיךָ לָךְ וְאַתָּה עַל־בָּמֹותֵימֹו תִדְרֹךְ
Ju 5:6	Table D ילכו (/EBHP/ yiˈlịkū) could be read as PC_{imp_pdur}or as PC_{pret_sim}	In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael, caravans ceased and travelers kept to the byways.	בִּימֵי שַׁמְגַּר בֶּן־עֲנָת בִּימֵי יָעֵל חָדְלוּ אֳרָחֹות וְהֹלְכֵי נְתִיבֹות יֵלְכוּ אֳרָחֹות עֲקַלְקַלֹּות
Ju 5:17	Table D SC_past - past (שכנ ישב) PC_{pret_sim} - past יגר - ˈyagur (:yaˈguːr PC_imp) ישכנ - (:lō -taˈboːʾ PC_imp)	Gilead remained across the Jordan; And why did Dan stay in ships? Asher sat at the seashore, And remained by its landings.	גִּלְעָד בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן שָׁכֵן וְדָן לָמָּה [6]יָגוּר אֳנִיֹּות אָשֵׁר יָשַׁב לְחֹוף יַמִּים וְעַל מִפְרָצָיו יִשְׁכֹּון
Ju 5:21	SC_past - past (גרפמ) PC_jus – jussive (תדרכי) Identical form in PC_pret and PC_imp.	The torrent Kishon swept them away, the onrushing torrent, the torrent Kishon. March on, my soul, with might!	נַחַל קִישֹׁון גְּרָפָם נַחַל קְדוּמִים נַחַל קִישֹׁון תִּדְרְכִי נַפְשִׁי עֹז
Ju 5:26	Table D PC_{pret_sim} - past (תשלחנה). Identical form in PC_jus and PC_imp. SC_past - past (מחקה ומחצה וחלפה)	She reached out her hand for the tent peg, and her right hand for the workmen's hammer. Then she struck Sisera, she smashed his head and she shattered and pierced his temple.	יָדָהּ לַיָּתֵד תִּשְׁלַחְנָה וִימִינָהּ לְהַלְמוּת עֲמֵלִים וְהָלְמָה סִיסְרָא מָחֲקָה רֹאשֹׁו וּמָחֲצָה וְחָלְפָה רַקָּתֹו
Ju 5:28	Table E, Table H SC_past - past (נשקפה) PC_pretWC - past ותיבב wattạˈyabbib (:wạtạyabˈbib PC_imp:wạtạˈyabbib PC_jus) SC_state- present (אחרו)	Out of the window she peered, the mother of Sisera gazed through the lattice: 'Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why tarry the hoofbeats of his chariots?'	בְּעַד הַחַלֹּון נִשְׁקְפָה וַתְּיַבֵּב אֵם סִיסְרָא בְּעַד הָאֶשְׁנָב מַדּוּעַ בֹּשֵׁשׁ רִכְבֹּו לָבֹוא מַדּוּעַ אֶחֱרוּ פַּעֲמֵי מַרְכְּבֹותָיו
2Sam 1:22	Table D SC_past - past (נשג) PC_{pret_sim} - past תשב - ˈtašub (:taˈšuːb PC_imp)	From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, nor the sword of Saul return empty.	מִדַּם חֲלָלִים מֵחֵלֶב גִּבֹּורִים קֶשֶׁת יְהֹונָתָן לֹא נָשֹׂוג אָחֹור וְחֶרֶב שָׁאוּל לֹא [7]תָשׁוּב רֵיקָם׃
*Sequence PC-SC*
Gen 49:4	PC_{imp_prfu}_t - future - תותר -tawˈtar (:ˈtawtar PC_jus/ PC_{pret_sim}) SC_past - past- עלת חללת	`"Uncontrolled as water, you shall not have preeminence, because you went up to your father's bed. Then you defiled it --he went up to my couch.`	פַּחַז כַּמַּיִם אַל־תֹּותַר כִּי עָלִיתָ מִשְׁכְּבֵי אָבִיךָ אָז חִלַּלְתָּ יְצוּעִי עָלָה׃
Gen 49:6	PC_jus – jussive - אַל־תבא - ʾal-ˈtabuʾ (:lō-taˈboːʾ PC_imp: lō-ˈtabuʾ PC_{pret_sim}) - אַל־תחד - ʾal-ˈtiḥḥad (:lō-tiḥˈḥad PC_imp: lō-ˈtiḥḥad PC_{pret_sim}) SC_past – past (הרגו עקרו)	May I never come into their council; may I not be joined to their company-- for in their anger they killed men, and at their whim they hamstrung oxen.	בְּסֹדָם אַל־תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי בִּקְהָלָם אַל־תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ וּבִרְצֹנָם עִקְּרוּ־שֹׁור׃
Gen 49:15	Table E PC_pretWC– past - וירא - wayˈyịrʾ (:wayịrˈʾê PC_imp:wạˈyịrʾ PC_jus) - ויט - wayˈyiṭṭ (:wayiṭˈṭê PC_imp:wạˈyiṭṭ PC_jus) - ויהי - wayˈyihy (:wayihˈyê PC_imp:wạˈyihy PC_jus) SC_state – past (נעמה)	he saw that a resting place was good, and that the land was pleasant; so he bowed his shoulder to the burden, and became a slave at forced labor	וַיַּרְא מְנֻחָה כִּי טֹוב וְאֶת־הָאָרֶץ כִּי נָעֵמָה וַיֵּט שִׁכְמֹו לִסְבֹּל וַיְהִי לְמַס־עֹבֵד
Gen 49:23	Table E PC_{pret_sim} – past. - וימררהו - wayyạmarrịˈruːhu(ː) (:wạyạmarrịˈruːhu(ː) PC_imp) - וישטמהו - wayyiśṭụˈmuːhu(ː) (:wạyiśṭụˈmuːhu(ː) PC_imp/ PC_jus) SC_state – past (ורבו)	The archers fiercely attacked him; they shot at him and pressed him hard.	וַיְמָרֲרֻהוּ וָרֹבּוּ וַיִּשְׂטְמֻהוּ בַּעֲלֵי חִצִּים
Ex 15:1b	PC_{imp_prfu}_t - future (אשרה). Identical form in PC_pret and PC_jus. SC_past - present (גאה) SC_past - past (רמה)	"I will sing to the LORD, for he has triumphed gloriously; horse and rider he has thrown into the sea.	אָשִׁירָה לַיהוָה כִּי־גָאֹה גָּאָה סוּס וְרֹכְבֹו רָמָה בַיָּם
Ex 15:5	Table D PC_{pret_sim} - past – יכסימו - yạkassịˈyūmū. Identical form in PC_jus and PC_imp. SC_past - past (ירדו)	The floods covered them; they went down into the depths like a stone.	תְּהֹמֹת יְכַסְיֻמוּ יָרְדוּ בִמְצֹולֹת כְּמֹו־אָבֶן
Ex 15:16	Table D PC_{pret_sim} - תפל - ˈtippul (:tipˈpul PC_imp) - ידמו - Identical form in PC_jus and PC_imp. - יעבר - ˈyi^cbur (:yi^cˈbur PC_imp) SC_past - past (קנת)	Terror and dread fell upon them; by the might of your arm, they became still as a stone until your people, O LORD, passed by, until the people whom you acquired passed by.	תִּפֹּל עֲלֵיהֶם אֵימָתָה וָפַחַד בִּגְדֹל זְרֹועֲךָ יִדְּמוּ כָּאָבֶן עַד־יַעֲבֹר עַמְּךָ יְהוָה עַד־יַעֲבֹר עַם־זוּ קָנִיתָ
Ex 15:17	Table D PC_{pret_sim} - past (תבאמו ותטעמו) Identical form in PC_jus and PC_imp. SC_past - past (פעלת כוננו)	You brought them in and planted them on the mountain of your own possession, the place, O LORD, that you made your abode, the sanctuary, O LORD, that your hands have established.	תְּבִאֵמֹו וְתִטָּעֵמֹו בְּהַר נַחֲלָתְךָ מָכֹון לְשִׁבְתְּךָ פָּעַלְתָּ יְהוָה מִקְּדָשׁ אֲדֹנָי כֹּונְנוּ יָדֶיךָ
Num 23:8	PC_j_us – jussive - אקב - 'ʾiqqub (:ʾiq'qub PC_imp) - אזעם- 'ʾizģum (:ʾiz'ģum PC_imp) SC_past – past (קבה זעם)	How can I curse whom God has not cursed? How can I denounce those whom the LORD has not denounced?	מָה אֶקֹּב לֹא קַבֹּה אֵל וּמָה אֶזְעֹם לֹא זָעַם יְהוָה
Num 23:19	PC_{pret_sim} – jussive - ויכזב - wayạ'kazzib (:wạyạkaz'zib PC_imp) - ויתנחם wạyit'naḥḥam (:wạyitnaḥ'ḥam PC_imp) SC_past - past (אמר) PC_{imp_prfu}_t - future - יעשה - wạˌlô yi^c'śê (:ˈyi^cś PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) - יקימנה - Identical form in PC_pret and PC_jus.	God is not a human being, that he should lie, or a mortal, that he should change his mind. Has he promised, and will he not do it? Has he spoken, and will he not fulfill it?	לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב וּבֶן־אָדָם וְיִתְנֶחָם הַהוּא אָמַר וְלֹא יַעֲשֶׂה וְדִבֶּר וְלֹא יְקִימֶנָּה
Num 23:23	PC_i_{mp_prfu}_t - present/future יאמר - yiʾʾa'mir (:yiʾ'ʾamir PC_imp) SC_past - past (פעל)	Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, no divination against Israel; Jacob is told at once, Yea Israel, what God has planned. (NJV) now it shall be said of Jacob and Israel, 'See what God has done!' (NRSB) At the proper time it shall be said to Jacob And to Israel, what God has done! (NASB)	כִּי לֹא־נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב וְלֹא־קֶסֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כָּעֵת יֵאָמֵר לְיַעֲקֹב וּלְיִשְׂרָאֵל מַה־פָּעַל אֵל
Num 24:17	PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present (אראנו אשורנו). Identical form in PC_pret and PC_jus. SC_prof - future (דרך ומחץ וקרקר)	I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near-- a star shall come out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel; it shall crush the borderlands of Moab, and the territory of all the Shethites.	אֶרְאֶנּוּ וְלֹא עַתָּה אֲשׁוּרֶנּוּ וְלֹא קָרֹוב דָּרַךְ כֹּוכָב מִיַּעֲקֹב וְקָם שֵׁבֶט מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל וּמָחַץ פַּאֲתֵי מֹואָב וְקַרְקַר כָּל־בְּנֵי־שֵׁת
Num 24:19	PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present (וירדה[8]) SC_wc - future (והאבד)	One from Jacob shall have dominion, and will destroy the remnant from the city.	וְיֵרְדְּ מִיַּעֲקֹב וְהֶאֱבִיד שָׂרִיד מֵעִיר
Dt 32:6	Table E PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present (תגמלו). Identical form in PC_pret and PC_jus. SC_past - past (קנכ עשכ) PC_pretWC - past - ויכננכ - wayyakōniˈnika(ː) (:wạyakōniˈnika(ː) PC_imp/PC_jus)	Do you thus repay the LORD, O foolish and senseless people? Is not he your father, who created you, who made you and established you?	הֲ־לַיְהוָה תִּגְמְלוּ־זֹאת עַם נָבָל וְלֹא חָכָם הֲלֹוא־הוּא אָבִיךָ קָּנֶךָ הוּא עָשְׂךָ וַיְכֹנְנֶךָ׃
Dt 32:15	Table E PC_pretWC - past - ויבעט - wayˈyib^cat (:wạyibˈ^cat PC_imp:wạˈyib^cat PC_jus) - וישמנ - wayˈyišman (:wạyišˈman PC_imp:wạˈyišman PC_jus) - ויטש - wayˈyiṭṭuš (:wạyyiṭˈṭuš PC_imp:wạˈyiṭṭuš PC_jus) - וינבל - wayyạˈnabbil (:wạyạnabˈbil PC_imp:wạyạˈnabbil PC_jus) SC_state – past (שמנת) SC_past - past (כשת עבת עשהו)	But Jeshurun grew fat and kicked. You are grown fat, thick, and sleek. Then he forsook God who made him, and scorned the Rock of his salvation.	וַיִּשְׁמַן יְשֻׁרוּן וַיִּבְעָט שָׁמַנְתָּ עָבִיתָ כָּשִׂיתָ וַיִּטֹּשׁ אֱלֹוהַ עָשָׂהוּ וַיְנַבֵּל צוּר יְשֻׁעָתֹו
Dt 32:17	Table D PC_{pret_sim} - past (יזבחו). Identical form in PC_pret and PC_jus. SC_past - past (באו ידעמ שערמ)	They sacrificed to demons, not God, to deities they had never known, to new ones recently arrived, whom your ancestors had not feared.	יִזְבְּחוּ לַשֵּׁדִים לֹא אֱלֹהַ אֱלֹהִים לֹא יְדָעוּם חֲדָשִׁים מִקָּרֹב בָּאוּ לֹא שְׂעָרוּם אֲבֹתֵיכֶם׃
Dt 32:27	Table D PC_{pret_sim} - past אגר ˈʾagur (:ʾaˈguːr PC_imp) PC_jus – jussive (ינכרו יאמרו) Identical form in PC_pret and PC_imp. PC_pretWC - past (פעל)	but I feared provocation by the enemy, for their adversaries might misunderstand and say, "Our hand is triumphant; it was not the LORD who did all this."	לוּלֵי כַּעַס אֹויֵב אָגוּר פֶּן־יְנַכְּרוּ צָרֵימֹו פֶּן־יֹאמְרוּ יָדֵינוּ רָמָה וְלֹא יְהוָה פָּעַל כָּל־זֹאת
Dt 32:30	PC_jus – jussive - ירדפ ˈyirdup (:yirˈdup PC_imp) - ינסו - Identical form in PC_pret and PC_imp. SC_past - past (מכרמ הסגרמ)	How could one have routed a thousand, and two put a myriad to flight, unless their Rock had sold them, the LORD had given them up?	אֵיכָה יִרְדֹּף אֶחָד אֶלֶף וּשְׁנַיִם יָנִיסוּ רְבָבָה אִם־לֹא כִּי־צוּרָם מְכָרָם וַיהוָה הִסְגִּירָם
Dt 32:36	PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present/future - ידנ - yaˈdiːn (:ˈyadin PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) - יתנחמ - yitnaḥˈḥam (:yitˈnaḥḥam PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) - יראה - yirˈʾê (:ˈyirʾ PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) SC_past - past (אזלת)	For the LORD will vindicate His people, and will have compassion on His servants, when He sees that their strength is gone, and there is none remaining, bond or free.	כִּי־יָדִין יְהוָה עַמֹּו וְעַל־עֲבָדָיו יִתְנֶחָם כִּי יִרְאֶה כִּי־אָזְלַת יָד וְאֶפֶס עָצוּר וְעָזוּב
Dt 32:39	PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present/future - אמת - ʾaˈmiːt (:ˈʾamit PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) - ארפא - ʾirˈpaʾ (:ˈʾirpaʾ PC_jus/PC_{pret_sim}) PC_pretWC - past - ואחיה - waʾʾạḥayˈyê (:wạʾạˈḥayy PC_jus;wạʾaˈḥayy PC_{pret_sim}) SC_past - past (מחצתי)	See now that I, even I, am he; there is no god besides me. I kill and I make alive; I wound and I heal; and no one can deliver from my hand.	רְאוּ עַתָּה כִּי אֲנִי אֲנִי הוּא וְאֵין אֱלֹהִים עִמָּדִי אֲנִי אָמִית וַאֲחַיֶּה מָחַצְתִּי וַאֲנִי אֶרְפָּא וְאֵין מִיָּדִי מַצִּיל
Dt 32:40	Table B PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present/future - אשא ʾiśˈśaʾ (:ˈʾiśśaʾ PC_jus/ PC_{pret_sim}) SC_past - past (ואמרתי)	`Indeed, I lift up My hand to heaven, And say, as I live forever	כִּי־אֶשָּׂא אֶל־שָׁמַיִם יָדִי וְאָמַרְתִּי חַי אָנֹכִי לְעֹלָם
Dt 33:19	PC_{imp_prfu}_t - present/future (יקראו יזבחו יינקו) Identical form in PC_pret and PC_jus.	They call/will call peoples to the mountain. There they offer/will offer righteous sacrifices. For they draw/will draw out the abundance of the seas, and the hidden treasures of the sand."	עַמִּים הַר־יִקְרָאוּ שָׁם יִזְבְּחוּ זִבְחֵי־צֶדֶק כִּי שֶׁפַע יַמִּים יִינָקוּ וּשְׂפוּנֵי טְמוּנֵי חֹול
Dt 33:21	Table E PC_pretWC– past - וירא - wayˈyịrʾ (:wạyirˈʾê PC_imp:wạˈyịrʾ PC_jus) - יתא - wayˈyêtaʾ (:wạyêˈtaʾ PC_imp:wạˈyêtaʾ PC_jus) SC_past - past (עשה)	Then he provided the first part for himself. For there the ruler's portion was reserved and he came with the leaders of the people. He executed the justice of the LORD and His ordinances with Israel.	וַיַּרְא רֵאשִׁית לֹו כִּי־שָׁם חֶלְקַת מְחֹקֵק סָפוּן וַיֵּתֵא רָאשֵׁי עָם צִדְקַת יְהוָה עָשָׂה וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵל
Ju 5:11	PC_jus – jussive (יתנו) Identical form in PC_pret and PC_imp. SC_past - past (ירדו)	"At the sound of those who divide flocks among the watering places" (NASB) "To the sound of musicians at the watering places" (NRSV) "Louder than the sound of archers/thunder there among the watering places" (NJV) there let them recount/they recount/shall recount the righteous/gracious deeds of the LORD, the righteous/gracious deeds of/for His peasantry in Israel. Then the people of the LORD went down to the gates.	מִקֹּול מְחַצְצִים בֵּין מַשְׁאַבִּים שָׁם יְתַנּוּ צִדְקֹות יְהוָה צִדְקֹת פִּרְזֹנֹו בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אָז יָרְדוּ לַשְּׁעָרִים עַם־יְהוָה