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20 September 2011

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Lexicon of Unmarked Consonantal Phonemes in Biblical Hebrew

/ḫ/ [x]

(also transliterated as kh or k)[1]

David Steinberg

1 Background and Approach (see Consonantal Polyphony in Biblical Hebrew)

The work of Weavers and Blau (1982) supplemented by Steiner (2005) have proved that the Biblical Hebrew reading tradition of the translators of the Septuagint Torah (late 4th century BCE) distinguished between the sounds [ħ][2] and [x] both represented by the letter ח, and the sounds [ʕ] and [ɣ], both represented by the letter ע, in the PMT. It is clear that this distinction was phonemic (see Consonantal Minimal Pairs in Biblical Hebrew No Longer Valid in Later Hebrew). This clearly attests to the reality of Jerusalem Pre-exilic (EBHP) and early post-exilic (LBHP) literary Hebrew. This can be considered a proven fact to the extent that such a thing can be proved in the absence of ancient sound recordings. There is no longer any excuse for ignoring this phonetic and phonemic reality in reconstructing the pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew. There seems to be no reference work allowing the student to quickly distinguish between where ח represents // [ħ] or // [x] and where ע represents /c/ [ʕ] or /ġ/ [ɣ]. To fill this gap I have compiled the following from HALOT and, for the Septuagint readings, from Blau 1982

 

2 Practical Application

Scholars, particularly when working on Biblical Hebrew poetry or wordplay, should make every effort to pronounce the text as closely as possible to the pronunciation of literary Hebrew in pre-exilic Jerusalem (EBHP).


In general, I would recommend pronouncing PMT ח as [x]:

a) where the Septuagint transliterates the ח in the Hebrew root with a Χχ Chi; or,

b) where clearly cognate roots or words in other Semitic languages exhibit /ḫ/ rather than /ḥ/. The order of importance of the comparator languages is Ugaritic, Arabic, Old South Arabian languages, Ethiopic languages. This is often a balance of probabilities type decision.

Since, as calculated by Blau (1982 §14.1) the frequency of /ḥ/ is much higher than that of /ḫ/ in Semitic languages, in all other cases we should assume that ח = /ḥ/.

 

 

 

Root or Word

EBHP

*/EBHP/+[3] *[EBHP][4]

(c. 850-550 BCE)

(? = uncertain whether the phoneme is /ḫ/ or /ḥ/) 

Meaning

Comments

א

אֲבַטִּיחַ

baˈῑḫ/

watermelon

Arabic *ba/iṭṭīḫ

אֲבִיחַיִל

bˈḫayl/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4a, c

אֶזְרָח

/ʾizˈraː/

ɪzˈɾaːx]?ɛzˈɾaːx]?

native, full citizen

αὐτόχθων

אֹחַ

*/ˈʾoː/ (s.)

/ʾuˈḫῑm/ (pl.)

[ʾʊˈxiːm]?ˈxiːm]?

howling desert animals

ἠ̂χος

אָח

/ˈʾaː/

brother

Arabic ʾaḫ, Ugaritic aḫ, iḫ

1. c.f. ʾa an interjection of pain

2. Many names compounded with ʾaḫ/ʾaḫī   such as -

אַחְאָב (ʾaḫˈab) Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

אַחְבָּן  (ʾaˈban)

אֲחוּמַי (ʾaˈban) Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

אֲחִיטוּב (/ʾaīˈṭūb/)

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4b,c

אָח

/ˈʾ/

brazier made of metal

From Egyptian ˓ḫ

אַחְבָּן

aḫˈbaːn/?

personal name

possibly cognate to Arabic ḫābin strong

Blau 1982 §13.2.6c

אחה

ʾḫh

to fraternize

Denominative from אָח "brother"

אָחוּ

/ˈʾaːḫuː/

sedge

αχει 

אַחֲוָה

aˈwâ/

brotherhood 

Arabic ʾuḫuwwat, ʾaḫḫawīyat, Akkadian aḫūtu: brotherhood

אֲחוֹחִי

ḫōˈî/?

gentilic

Blau 1982 §13.2.6c

אָחוֹר [ʾḫr ]

aˈoːr/

rear, back

Arabic ʾaḫīr

אָחוֹת

aḫˈōt/

sister

Ugaritic aḫt, pl. aḫt and aḫtt; Arabic ʾuḫt, Old South Arabian ʾḫt, Ethiopic ʾeḫt;

 

אחז

ʾḫz

hold, seize, cover, settle in a country (niphal)

Ugaritic ʾaḫd and ʾaḫḏ

 Verb, derivatives and names compounded with the root such as יְהוֹאָחָז, אֲחַזְיָ  אַחְזַי אֲחַזְיָה, אֲחֻזָּם,  אֲחֻזַּת etc.

אָחָז [ʾḫz]

aˈaːz/

personal name

Αχαζ

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

אֲחֻזָּה [ʾḫz]

ḫuˈz/

land holding

 

אַחְזַי [ʾḫz]

aˈzay/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

אֲחַזְיָה

אֲחַזְיָהוּ [ʾḫz]

azˈyaːh/

azˈyahuː/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

אֲחֻזָּם [ʾḫz]

ḫuzˈzaːm/

personal name

Ωχαζαμ

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

אֲחֻזַּת [ʾḫz]

ḫuzˈzat/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4a

אֵחִי

iˈḫī/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.5c.

אֲחִיחֻד

ḫīˈḫu:d/?[5]

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.6c

אַחְיָן [אָח]

aˈyān/

personal name "little brother"

Ugaritic  aḫyn

Blau 1982 §13.1

אַחְלָב [ḫlb]

aˈlaːb/?

place name “elevation in the forest”

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

אַחְמְתָא

amta:/?

[ʾɐxmtɐ:]? [ʾɐxmtɐʾ]?

Ecbatana Persian place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

אֲחַסְבַּי

ḫasˈbay/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

אחר

ʾḫr

behind, tarry, be delayed etc

verb, adjective, adverbs from this root

אַחַר [ʾḫr ]

aḫˈḫar/

behind, beyond etc.

Ugaritic aḫr

אַחֵר [ʾḫr ]

aˈḫeːr/

later, following, another, personal name

Blau 1982 §13.1, 13.2.7

אַחֲרוֹן [ʾḫr ]

aḫˈrōn/

last, in the future

Arabic ʾāḫir, ʾaḫīr

אַחְרַח

aˈrāḫ/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

אַחֲרִית [ʾḫr ]

aˈrīt/

fate, destiny

Ugaritic iḫryt fate, destiny

אֲחֹרַנִּית

[ʾḫr ]

ōraˈnît/

to go, fall, turn backwards

 

אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפָּן

 

satrap

Persian word

אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ

ḫašwiro:š/

Persian king

 

אֵחוּד

ayˈḫūd/?

[ʾɐyˈxu:d]? [ʾɛyˈxu:d]? [ʾɪˈxu:d]? [ʾɛˈxu:d]?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

אֵחִי

/ʾiˈḫī/?

[ʾɪˈxiː]? [ʾɛˈxiː]?

personal name

Αγχις

Blau 1982 §13.2.6a

אלח

ʾl

to be morally corrupt (niphal)

Arabic ʾalaḫa to turn sour (milk), to become confused

אֶלְיַחְבָּא

ilyiˈbaʾ/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.1

אֱלִיחֹרֶף

ilīˈḫurp/?

ɪli:ˈxʊɾp]? [ʾɛli:ˈxʊɾp]?ɛli:ˈxɾәp]?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

אַמְתַּחַת

ʾamˈtaḫt

ɐmˈtɐxt]?ɐmˈxәt]?

sack

 

אנח

ʾn?

to groan etc. (niphal and hithpael)

Ugaritic anḫ groaning but Arabic ʾanaḥa to pant, nāḥa to wail

אֲנָחָה [ʾnḫ]

naˈ/

sighing

Ugaritic anḫ

אֲנָחֲרַת

naˈrat/

place name

Αναχερεθ

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c

אֵסַר)־(חַדֹּן

isar-ḫadˈdo:n/

name of Assyrian king

Blau 1982 §13.1

אֲפִיחַ

ˈpī/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.5c

אֶפְרֹחַ [prḫ]

iprˈō/

ɪpɾˈoːx]? [ʾɛpɾˈoːx]?

young of a bird

Cognate to Arabic farḫ, pl. ʾafrāḫ nestlings

אָרַח

/ˈʾara/

personal name

 Ορεχ, Akkadian arḫu cow, Ugaritic arḫ ox, arḫt cow, Arabic ʾarḫ “bull”

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c; Blau 1982 §13.2.7

אֹרַח

/ˈʾur/

[ˈʾʊɾx]? [ˈʾɾәx]?

way

Old South Arabian ʾrḫ military expediton

אֹרְחָה

urˈ/

ʊɾˈxɐː]?ɾˈxɐː]

caravan

 

אֲרֻחָה

ruˈ/

allowance, sustenance

Cognate Akkadian arāḫu to consume, to destroy

אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא

artaḫšaš/

Persian king Artaxerxes II

 

אַשְׁחוּר

ašˈḫūr/

Personal name

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c

ב

בְּדֹלַח

/bˈdulḫ/

[bʊˈdʊlx]? [bʊˈdlә]?

gum of a South Arabian tree

Akkadian budulḫu

בָּחוּר

/baˈḫuːr/?

young man

Mari (ṣābu) beḫrum member of the elite troops Cf. בָּחוּר (EBHP /baˈur/) "chosen"

* בְּחוּרוֹת

בְּחוּרִים

/bḫuˈrōt/?, /bḫuˈrīm/?

youthful condition

 

גוח גיח

gwgy

to burst forth

Arabic jāḫa to burst forth

בַּחַן

/ˈbaḫn/

[ˈbɐxn]? [ˈbɐxәn]

watch-tower

Egyptian loan word bḫn

בַּרְחֻמִי,

בַּחֻרְמִי

/barḫūˈmî/?

gentilic

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

ג

גַּחַר

/ˈgaḫr/?

[ˈgɐxɾ]? [ˈgɐxәɾ]?

Personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

גִּיחַ [gyḫ]

/ˈgīḫ/?

“bubbling water”

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

גִּיחוֹן [gyḫ]

/ˈḫōn/

river of Eden

 

גֵּ)י(חֲזִי

/giḫḫiˈzî/?

Personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

ד

דֹּחַן

/ˈduḫn/

[ˈdʊxn]? [ˈdxәn]?

millet Sorghum vulgare

Arabic duḫn

ה

הֲנָחָה  [nwḫ]

/hnaˈ/

release from taxes

 

ז

זוֹחֵת

/ˈḫeːt/

personal name

Ζωχαθ. Blau 1982 §12.

 

זנח

znḫ

to become foul-smelling (water) (hiphil)

Arabic zaniḫa to be rancid (butter).

Cf.  זנח(EBHP  znḥ) "to exclude from" cognate to Arabic zanaḥa to be remote, to repel

ח

חבא

ḫbʾ

to hide

Arabic ḫabaʾa, Old South Arabian ḫbʾ, Eth. ḫabʾa

 

חבה

ḫbh

 

חָבוֹר

/ḫaˈbōr/

a river

(Χ)αβωρ. Blau 1982 §12.

 

חבט

ḫb

to beat out

Arabic ḫabaṭa to stamp

 

חֳבַיָּה

/bˈyah/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.7

 

חבל

ḫbl

to seize a thing as a pledge; to destroy

Arabic ḫabala to lend, borrow. Arabic ḫabala to confound.

Cf. ḥbl "to be in labour; tie together" cognate Arabic Eth. ḥabala to tie together.

 

חֶבֶל [ḫbl]

/ˈḫabl/

[ˈxɐbl]? [ˈxɐbәl]?

injury

Cf. חֶבֶל (EBHP /ˈḥabl/) ­"flock of birds", "rope"

 

חֲבֹל [ḫbl]

 /ˈboːl/

pledge, which is taken when the debt is due but remains the property of the debtor

Arabic ḫabl debt, loan

 

חֲבֹלָה [ḫbl]

/buˈl/

to pay off one’s debt

 

 

חֲבַצֶּלֶת

/baˈilt/

a flower

From Akkadian ḫab(a)ṣillatu stalk

 

חֲבַצִּנְיָה

/bainˈyah/

Personal name

Χαβασιν

Blau 1982 §13.2.5c

 

חֲבַקּוּק

/baqˈqūq/?

Personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חבר

ḫbr/ ḥbr

 

Both these root are represented in EBHP - Blau 1982 §12.

 

חֶבֶר [ḫbr/ḥbr]

/ˈḫabr/?

[ˈxɐ]? [ˈxɐbәɾ]?

Personal name

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.3c

 

חֶבְרוֹן

חֶבְרֹ)וֹ(נִי  [ḫbr/ḥbr]

/ḫabˈrōn/

/ḫabrōˈnî/

place name

gentilic

Χεβρων

Blau 1982 §13.2.5a

 

חבת

ḫbt

 

 

 

חֲבִתִּים [ḫbt]

ḫbt

cakes baked in pans

Arabic ḫabt various meanings including (baking) pan and cakes

 

חֲדַד

/ˈdad/?

tribal name

Χοδδαν/δ

Blau 1982 §13.2.6a

 

חדה

ḫdh < dw

to rejoice

Ugaritic ḫdw

Cf. ḥdh " show oneself, to appear"

 

חֶדְוָה [ḫdh]

/ḫidˈwâ/

joy

 

 

חדל

ḫdl

cease doing, or refuse to do something

Old South Arabian ḫdl, Eth. ḫadala and Akkadian ḫadālu to cease; Arabic ḫaḏala  to remain behind, to decrease

Cf. ḥdl " become fat, successful"

 

חָדֵל [ḫdl]

/ḫaˈdeːl/

transient; abandoned

Arabic maḫdūl

 

חֶדֶל [ḫdl]

/ˈḫadl/

[ˈxɐdl]? [ˈxɐdәl]?

underworld (i.e. ceased existence), world (emphasizing transience?)

 

 

חַדְלָי

/ḫadˈlay/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.5c

 

חדר

ḫdr

to dwell

Arabic Eth. ḫadara, to dwell.

Cf. ḥdr " penetrate deeply"

 

חֶדֶר [ḫdr]

/ˈḫadr/

[ˈxɐ]? [ˈxɐdәɾ]?

room

Arabic ḫidr inner room, Old South Arabian ḫdrn, Eth. ḫedrat and māḫdar dwelling

 

חַדְרָךְ

/ḫadraːk/? /ḫadrakk/?

place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חוֹבָה

/ḫōˈb/?

place name

Χωβαλ

Blau 1982 §13.2.6a

 

חוֹחַ

/ˈaw/

[ˈxɐwx]

hole, crevice

Another lexeme, חוֹחַ "thorn-bush", may have beem pronounced /ˈḫōḫ/ or /ˈḥōḥ/ in EBHP

 

חוּט

/ˈḫū/

thread

Arabic ḫayṭ

 

חוֹף חוּף

/ˈḫoːp/? /ˈḫupp/?

shore

Ugaritic ḫp, Egyptian ḫapu

 

חוּרָם

/ḫūˈraːm/

personal name

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c

 

חוּשָׁה

חֻשָׁתִי

/ḫu:ˈš/?

/ḫūšaˈtî/?

place name

gentilic

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.3c

 

חוּשַׁי

/ḫūˈšay/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.6c

 

חוּשִׁים

חוּשָׁם

חֻשָׁם

/ḫūˈšīm/?

/ḫūˈšaːm/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3a,c

 

חוֹתָם [ḫtm]

/ḫōˈtaːm/

seal

Arabic ḫatm, ḫātam

 

חוֹתָם [ḫtm]

/ḫōˈtaːm/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

 

חֶזְיוֹן

/ḫazˈyōn/

personal name

UgariticḪdyn, Ḫudiyana but Αζιν

 

חָזִיז

/ḫaˈzīz/

squall, thunderbolt

Arabic ḫinḏīḏ cyclone and hazīz roaring of the wind

 

חֲזִיר

/ˈzīr/?

swine

Ugaritic ḥnzr but Arabic ḫinzīr 

 

חטא

ḫtʾ

to sin, miss

Ugaritic *ḫṭʾ;  Arabic ḥ̮aṭiʾa to be mistaken, IV to miss the target, to lose the way

N.b. derived nouns חֵטְא, חַטָּא, חֶטְאָה, חַטָּאָה etc.

 

חטב

ṭb

 

Cf. חטב (EBHP ṭb ) " to gather or hew wood". Arabic ḫaṭiba to be colourfully striped; Ugaritic ḥṭb wood-gatherer

 

חֲטֻבוֹת [ḫṭb]

/ṭuˈbōt/

multicolored embroidered cloth

 

 

חַטּוּשׁ

/ḫaˈṭūš/?

personal name

(Χ)αττους

Blau 1982 §13.2.6c; 13.2.7

 

חֲטִיטָא

/ṭiˈaʾ/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חַטִּיל

/ḫaˈṭīl/?

male personal name “garrulous”

Arabic ḫaṭila but Ατιλ.

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֲטִיפָא

/ṭīˈpaʾ/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.7

 

חטם

m

to restrain self

Arabic ḫaṭama

 

חטף

p

to abduct

Arabic ḫaṭifa to snatch

 

חטר

r

 

Arabic ḫaṭara to swing

 

חֹטֶר [ḫṭr]

/ˈḫuṭr/

[ˈɾ]? [ˈxәɾ]?

rod

Ugaritic ḫṭ, Akkadian ḫaṭṭu sceptre, Arabic ḫaṭṭ rod

 

חֵזִיר

/ḫiˈzīr/

[ˈziːɾ]? [ˈziːɾ]?

personal name

(Χ)ηζιρ

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c; 13.2.7

 

חִיאֵל

/ḫiˈʾeːl/

personal name

Αχιηλ

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

 

חיל

ḫyl

to be in labour

Ugaritic ḫl

Cf. ḥyl "to be strong" the root of חַיִל "army". ḥl army.

 

חִילָה חִיל [ḫyl]

/ˈḫīl/, /ḫīˈl/

fear and pain

 

 

חֵיל

/ˈḫēl/

space between outer and inner ramparts

Arabic ḥaul what is round about

 

 

חֵילָם

/ḫayˈlaːm/?

[xɐyˈlaːm]? [xɛyˈlaːm]?

place name

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.3c

 

חִירָה

/ḫīˈra:/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3a

 

חִירוֹם

חִירָם

/ḫīˈroːm/

/ḫiˈraːm/

personal name

Χιραμ

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

 

פִּי הַחִירֹת

/pi: haḫḫi:ˈro:t/?

place name Egyptian linguistically

Blau 1982 §13.2.3b

 

חֲכִילָה

/ˈl/?

Place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֲכַלְיָה

/kalˈyah/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֶלְאָה

/ḫalˈʾa:/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חלב

ḫlb

forest

Ugaritic ḫlb wooded hill

Root of place names אַחְלָב, חֶלְבָּה, חֶלְבּוֹן.

Cf.  חלב(BH ḥlb) milk, fat etc. Ugaritic ḥlb

 

חֵלֶב

/ˈḫilb/?

[ˈxɪlb]? [ˈlәb]?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֶלְבָּה

/ḫalˈb/?

[xɐlˈbɐː]

place name

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.6b

 

חֶלְבּוֹן [ḫlb]

/ḫalˈbōn/?

[xɐlˈboːn]

place name = “forest place”

Ugaritic Ḫlb/Ḫalbi Aleppo

Blau 1982 §13.2.6c.

 

חלד

ḫld

to live

Arabic ḫalada to be eternal

 

חֶלֶד [ḫlb]

/ˈḫald/

[ˈxɐld]? [ˈlәd]?

world, life-span

Arabic ḫuld, Old South Arabian ḫld duration, eternity. Blau 1982 §12

 

חֵלֶד

/ˈḫild/

[ˈxɪld]? [ˈlәd]?

mole

both animal and personal names

Old South Arabian ḫld,  Arabic ḫald, ḫuld  “mole”

Blau 1982 §13.1, 13.2.4c

 

חֹלֶד

/ˈḫuld/

[xʊld]? [xlәd]?

 

חֻלְדָּה

/ḫulˈda:/

 

חֶלְדַּי

/ḫilˈday/

[xɪlˈdɐy]? [xɛlˈdɐy]?

personal name

Χολδαι

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c

 

חלה

ḫlh

sick (qal), appease, flatter (piel)

 Arabic ḫalāʷ  to be empty, lack 

Cf. ḥlh  to adorn; root of nouns חֲלִי, חֶלְיָה, מְחֹלָה and to sing.; root of nouns מַחֲלַת, מַחְלָה.

 

חֹלוֹן

probably /ḫōˈlōn/

place name

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.6c

 

חֲלַח

/ˈlaḫ/

place name

Blau 1982 §12.

 

חַלְחוּל

/ḫalˈḫūl/?

place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֳלִי  [ḫlh]

/ˈly/

sickness

 

 

חֳלִי

/ˈly/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חלל

ḫll

to pierce

Arabic ḫalla to pierce.

Cf.  חלל(BH ll ) "to profane". Arabic ḥalla to untie (knot), to be allowed

 

חָלִיל

/ḫalˈlīl/

flute

 

 

חֲלִיפָה [ḫlp]

/ˈpa:/

changing, relief, agreement

changing, relief, agreement

 

חָלָל [ḫll]

/ḫalˈlaːl/

pierced, slain

 

 

חֵלֹן

/ḫēlˈlōn/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.6b.

 

חלף

ḫlp

to change, alter etc.

Arabic (ḫalafa) to succeed

 

חֵלֶף [ḫlp]

/ˈḫilp/

[ˈxɪlp]? [ˈlәp]?

substitute, in return for

 

 

חֵלֶף

/ˈḫilp/?

[ˈxɪlp]? [ˈlәp]?

place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֶלֶץ

/ˈḫalṣ/

[ˈxɐl]? [ˈlә]?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c

 

חלק

ḫlq

to make smooth, to be smooth, to shave, to divide, to eradicate   

Arabic ḫalaqa to make smooth, to measure off, to shape;  Ugaritic to perish.

 

חָלָק [ḫlq]

/ḫaˈlaːq/

smoothness, falsehood

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c

 

חֵלֶק [ḫlq]

/ˈḫilq/

[ˈxɪlkˁ]? [ˈlә]?

smoothness, portion, share

 

 

חֵלֶק [ḫlq]

/ˈḫilq/

[ˈxɪlkˁ]? [ˈlә]?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4b,c

 

חַלֻּק

/ḫalˈlūq/

 

 

 

חֶלְקָה [ḫlq]

/ḫilˈqa:/

 

 

 

חֲלֻקָּה [ḫlq]

/luˈq/

smoothness, the plot of land allotted to an individual

 

 

חֶלְקִי [ḫlq]

/ḫilˈqî/

Gentilic of חֵלֶק

Blau 1982 §13.2.4b

 

חֶלְקָי [ḫlq]

/ḫilˈqay/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.7

 

חִלְקִיָּהוּ

חִלְקִיָּה [ḫlq]

/ḫilqiˈyahu:/

/ḫilqiˈyah/

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.4c, 13.2.7

 

חֲלַקְלַק [ḫlq]

/laqˈlaq/

slippery places, smoothness, intrigues

 

 

 

חֶלְקַת [ḫlq]

/ḫilˈqat/

[xɪlˈkˁɐt]? [xɛlˈkˁɐt]?

place name = “slippery place”

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c

 

חלשׁ

ḫlš?

to defeat (qal); to be carried off (dead) (niphal)

ḫalasa to steal Akkadian ḫalāšu to scratch off, out

cf. ḥlš to be weakened, to dwindle away. Tigr. (Wb. 53) ḥalsa to be worn.

Unclear whether חֲלוּשָׁה is from ḥlš or ḫlš.

 

חָם

ḫamm ?

personal name

Χαμ. Blau 1982 §13.2.6a

Cf. חָם (EBHP /ˈamm/) "to profane".  Ugaritic ḥm

 

חֶמְאָה

/ḫimˈʾ/

[xɪmˈʾɐː]? [xɛmˈʾɐː]?

butter, curds

Ugaritic ḫmʾt: Arabic ḫamā to become fat (milk)

 

חַמּוֹן

/ḫamˈmōn/?

place name = “place near the hot springs”

Blau 1982 §12.

 

חֹמֶט

/ˈḫum/

reptile

 

 

חֻמְטָה

/ḫumˈ/

“(place of) lizards”

Χαμματα. Blau 1982 §12.

 

חמץ

ḫm

to oppress

Arabic ġamaṣa to despise.

Cf. ḥm to be acid, sour cognate to Arabic ḥamuḍa to be acid, sour.

 

חמר

ḫmr

to leaven

Arabic ḫamara to cover, to leaven.

Cf. ḥmr to drive an ass, to scorch, burn, to skin  and Arabic ḥmr to scorch, burn

 

חֶמֶר

/ˈḫamr/

[ˈxɐmɾ]? [ˈmәɾ]?

wine

Ugaritic ḫmr

Cf. חֵמָר /ˈḥumr/

 

חֹמֶר

/ˈḫumr/

[ˈxʊmɾ]? [ˈxo̞mәɾ]?

foaming, raw material

Cf.חֹמֶר ḥmr homer, a dry measure Ugaritic ḥmr.

 

חָמֵשׁ

/ḫaˈmeːš/

five

Ugaritic ḫmš, Arabic Ethiopic ḫams

 

חמשׁ 

ḫmš

to divide into five parts

Denominative from חָמֵשׁ

 

חֹמֶשׁ

/ˈḫumš/

[ˈ]? [ˈxmәʃ]?

a fifth

Arabic ḫums

cf.  חֹמֶשׁ(EBHP /ḥumš/) "belly". Eth. ḥemš

 

חֲנוֹךְ

/ˈnōk/

personal name

Ενωχ

 

חנך

ḫnk?

 

Septuagint for  חֲנֻכָּה(οννεχαθ) and חֲנוֹךְ (Ενωχ) imply that first root consonant was but Arabic and other cognate languages indicate ḥ.  

 

חֲנַמְאֵל

/namˈʾeːl/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חנן

ḫnn

be fetid, loathsome (qal)

Arabic ḫanna to stink.

Cf. ḥnn "to be compassionate, have grace etc." cognate to Ugaritic ḥnn

 

חנף

ḫnp

godless, defiled

 

Ugaritic ḫnp to flatter, to feign.

Cf. ḥnp to limp cognate to Arabic ḥanifa to have a distorted foot.

 

חָנֵף [ḫnp]

/ḫaˈneːp/

godless

Arabic ḥanafiø pagan

 

חֹנֶף, חֲנֻפָּה  [ḫnp]

/ˈḫunp/

[ˈxʊnp]? [ˈxo̞nәp]?

/ḫanuˈp/

ungodliness

 

 

חנק

ḫnq

strangle someone (piel); hang oneself (niphal)

Ugaritic ḫnq

 

חַנָּתוֹן

/ḫannaˈtōn/?

place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֶסֶד

/ˈḫasd/?

[ˈxɐsd]?  [ˈsәd]?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֲסַדְיָה

/sdˈyah/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֹסָה

/awˈsâ/? (/EBHP/+) > /ôˈsâ/? (EBHPisr and /LBHP/)

personal and place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

מְחֻסְפָּס [חספס]

/mḫusˈpaːs/

crackling

Arabic ḫasafa to crackle (frozen snow)

 

חסר

ḫsr

to be reduced, lack etc.

Ugaritic ḫsr; Arabic ḫasira to incur a loss

 

חָסֵר [ḫsr]

/ḫaˈseːr/

one who lacks something

 

 

חֶסֶר [ḫsr]

/ˈḫasr/

[ˈḫasɾ]? [ˈḫasәɾ]?

bad pasture, want (noun)

 

 

חֹסֶר [ḫsr]

/ˈḫusr/

[ˈxʊsɾ]? [ˈxo̞sәɾ]?

want (noun)

Arabic ḥusr want

 

חָסְרָה

/ḫasˈrâ/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חֶסְרוֹן [ḫsr]

/ḫisˈrōn/

[xɪsˈɾoːn]? [xɛsˈɾoːn]?

what is lacking

 

 

חפה

ḫph

to cover

Arabic ḫafāʸ to conceal

 

חֻפָּה [ḫph]

/ḫupˈpa:/?

nuptial chamber

Blau 1982 §13.1.1

Arabic miḥaffat litter, sedan

 

חֻפִּים

/ḫupˈpīm/?

personal name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3a,c

 

חָפְנִי

/ḫupˈni:/?

[xʊpˈniː]? [xo̞pˈniː]?

personal name (Egyptian)

Blau 1982 §13.2.3c

 

חפץ

ḫp

to hang

Arabic ḫafaḍa to make lower.

Cf. ḥp "to desire" cognate to  Ph. מחפץ what is desirable; Syr. ḥfaṭ to try to get; Arabic ḥafiẓa to keep, to take care

 

חפר

ḫpr

to be ashamed; to protect

Arabic ḫafara to protect

Cf. ḥpr  "to dig, search, spy out"

 

חֵפֶר

(גַּת הַחֵפֶר)

/ˈḫipr/?

[ˈ]? [ˈpәɾ]?

place name

Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.6c

 

כִּמְתֵי מַחְפֶּשֶׁת

ḫpš

as the one destined for disaster

 

 

חָפְשִׁי and related terms

/ḫupˈšî/?

[xʊpˈʃiː]? [xo̞pˈʃiː]?

free

Ugaritic ḫpṯ.

Unclear whether חפשׁ is from ḫpš or ḥpš

 

חצב

ṣb

to hew, hew out etc.

Ugaritic ḫṣb to strike dead.

Cf. ṣb "to rake (fire)"

 

חֹצֵב,* חַצָּבָי

/ḫōˈṣeːb/? /ḫaṣaˈbay/?

stonemason

 

 

חצה

ṣh

to divide

 

 

חֲצָצוֹן

/ṣaˈṣōn/?

place name

Blau 1982 §13.2.3a

 

חֲצוֹת [ḫṣh]

/ḫiˈōt/

midnight, midday

Ugaritic ḫṣt *