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20 September 2011
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Lexicon of Unmarked
Consonantal Phonemes in Biblical Hebrew
/ḫ/
[x]
(also
transliterated as kh or k)[1]
David Steinberg
1 Background and Approach (see Consonantal Polyphony in Biblical Hebrew)
The
work of Weavers and
Blau (1982) supplemented by Steiner (2005) have proved that the Biblical Hebrew reading tradition of the
translators of the Septuagint Torah (late 4th century BCE) distinguished
between the sounds [ħ][2] and [x]
both represented by the letter ח, and the sounds [ʕ] and [ɣ],
both represented by the letter ע, in the PMT. It is clear that this distinction was phonemic (see Consonantal Minimal Pairs in Biblical Hebrew No
Longer Valid in Later Hebrew). This clearly attests to the
reality of Jerusalem Pre-exilic (EBHP) and early
post-exilic (LBHP) literary
Hebrew. This can be considered a proven fact to the extent that such a thing
can be proved in the absence of ancient sound recordings. There is no longer
any excuse for ignoring this phonetic and phonemic reality in reconstructing
the pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew. There seems to be no reference work allowing
the student to quickly distinguish between where ח represents
/ḥ/ [ħ] or /ḫ/ [x] and where ע represents /c/ [ʕ] or /ġ/ [ɣ]. To fill this gap I have compiled the following from HALOT and, for the
Septuagint readings, from Blau
1982
2 Practical Application
Scholars, particularly when working on Biblical Hebrew poetry or wordplay, should make every effort to pronounce the text as closely as possible to the pronunciation of literary Hebrew in pre-exilic Jerusalem (EBHP).
In
general, I would recommend pronouncing PMT ח as [x]:
a) where the Septuagint transliterates the ח in the Hebrew root with a Χχ Chi; or,
b) where clearly cognate roots or
words in other Semitic
languages exhibit /ḫ/ rather than /ḥ/. The order of
importance of the comparator languages is Ugaritic, Arabic, Old South Arabian languages, Ethiopic languages. This is often a balance of
probabilities type decision.
Since,
as calculated by Blau (1982
§14.1) the frequency of /ḥ/ is much higher than that of /ḫ/ in
Semitic languages, in all other cases we should assume that ח = /ḥ/.
|
|
Root or Word |
(c. 850-550 BCE) (? = uncertain whether the phoneme is /ḫ/ or /ḥ/) |
Meaning |
Comments |
|
א |
אֲבַטִּיחַ |
/ʾạbaṭˈṭῑḫ/ |
watermelon |
Arabic *ba/iṭṭīḫ |
|
אֲבִיחַיִל |
/ʾạbῑˈḫayl/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4a,
c |
|
|
אֶזְרָח |
/ʾizˈraːḫ/ |
native, full citizen |
αὐτόχθων |
|
|
אֹחַ |
/ʾuˈḫῑm/ (pl.) [ʾʊˈxiːm]? [ʾo̞ˈxiːm]? |
howling
desert animals |
ἠ̂χος |
|
|
/ˈʾaːḫ/ |
brother |
Arabic ʾaḫ,
Ugaritic aḫ, iḫ 1. c.f. ʾaḥ an interjection of pain 2. Many names compounded with ʾaḫ/ʾaḫī
such as - אַחְאָב (ʾaḫˈab) Blau 1982 §13.2.4c אַחְבָּן (ʾaḫˈban) אֲחוּמַי (ʾaḫˈban) Blau 1982 §13.2.4c אֲחִיטוּב
(/ʾaḫīˈṭūb/) Blau 1982 §12,
13.2.4b,c |
||
|
אָח |
/ˈʾaːḫ/ |
brazier
made of metal |
From Egyptian ˓ḫ
|
|
|
אַחְבָּן |
/ʾaḫˈbaːn/? |
personal
name |
possibly
cognate to Arabic ḫābin strong Blau 1982 §13.2.6c |
|
|
√אחה |
√ʾḫh |
to
fraternize |
Denominative from אָח "brother" |
|
|
אָחוּ |
/ˈʾaːḫuː/ |
sedge |
αχει |
|
|
אַחֲוָה |
/ʾaḫˈwâ/ |
brotherhood |
Arabic
ʾuḫuwwat, ʾaḫḫawīyat,
Akkadian aḫūtu: brotherhood |
|
|
אֲחוֹחִי |
/ʾạḫōˈḫî/? |
gentilic |
Blau 1982 §13.2.6c |
|
|
אָחוֹר [√ʾḫr ] |
rear, back |
Arabic
ʾaḫīr
|
||
|
אָחוֹת |
/ʾaḫˈōt/ |
sister |
Ugaritic aḫt,
pl. aḫt
and aḫtt;
Arabic ʾuḫt,
Old South Arabian ʾḫt,
Ethiopic ʾeḫt;
|
|
|
√אחז |
√ʾḫz |
hold, seize, cover, settle in a country (niphal) |
Ugaritic ʾaḫd
and ʾaḫḏ
Verb, derivatives and names compounded with
the root such as יְהוֹאָחָז, אֲחַזְיָ
אַחְזַי
אֲחַזְיָה, אֲחֻזָּם, אֲחֻזַּת etc. |
|
|
אָחָז [√ʾḫz] |
/ʾaḫˈaːz/ |
personal name |
Αχαζ Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
|
|
אֲחֻזָּה [√ʾḫz] |
/ʾụḫuˈzaː/ |
land holding |
|
|
|
אַחְזַי [√ʾḫz] |
/ʾaḫˈzay/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
|
|
אֲחַזְיָה אֲחַזְיָהוּ [√ʾḫz] |
/ʾạḫazˈyaːh/ /ʾạḫazˈyahuː/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
|
|
אֲחֻזָּם [√ʾḫz] |
/ʾụḫuzˈzaːm/ |
personal name |
Ωχαζαμ Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
|
|
אֲחֻזַּת [√ʾḫz] |
/ʾụḫuzˈzat/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4a |
|
|
אֵחִי |
/ʾiˈḫī/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.5c. |
|
|
אֲחִיחֻד |
/ʾụḫīˈḫu:d/?[5] |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.6c |
|
|
אַחְיָן [אָח] |
/ʾaḫˈyān/ |
personal name "little brother" |
Ugaritic
aḫyn
Blau 1982 §13.1 |
|
|
אַחְלָב [√ḫlb] |
/ʾaḫˈlaːb/? |
place name
“elevation in the forest” |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
אַחְמְתָא |
/ʾaḫmta:/? [ʾɐxmtɐ:]? [ʾɐxmtɐʾ]? |
Ecbatana Persian
place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
אֲחַסְבַּי |
/ʾạḫasˈbay/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
√אחר |
√ʾḫr |
behind, tarry, be delayed etc |
verb,
adjective, adverbs from this root |
|
|
אַחַר [√ʾḫr ] |
/ʾaḫˈḫar/ |
behind, beyond etc. |
Ugaritic
aḫr
|
|
|
אַחֵר [√ʾḫr ] |
/ʾaˈḫeːr/ |
later,
following, another, personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.1, 13.2.7 |
|
|
אַחֲרוֹן [√ʾḫr ] |
/ʾaḫˈrōn/ |
last, in the future |
Arabic
ʾāḫir, ʾaḫīr
|
|
|
אַחְרַח |
/ʾaḫˈrāḫ/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
אַחֲרִית [√ʾḫr ] |
/ʾaḫˈrīt/ |
fate, destiny |
Ugaritic
iḫryt
fate, destiny |
|
|
אֲחֹרַנִּית [√ʾḫr ] |
/ʾạḫōraˈnît/ |
to go, fall,
turn backwards |
|
|
|
אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפָּן |
|
satrap |
Persian
word |
|
|
אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ |
/ʾạḫašwiro:š/ |
Persian king |
|
|
|
אֵחוּד |
/ʾayˈḫūd/? [ʾɐyˈxu:d]? [ʾɛyˈxu:d]?
[ʾɪˈxu:d]? [ʾɛˈxu:d]? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
אֵחִי |
/ʾiˈḫī/? [ʾɪˈxiː]? [ʾɛˈxiː]? |
personal name |
Αγχις Blau 1982 §13.2.6a |
|
|
√אלח |
√ʾlḫ |
to be morally corrupt (niphal) |
Arabic
ʾalaḫa
to turn sour (milk), to become confused |
|
|
אֶלְיַחְבָּא |
/ʾilyiḫˈbaʾ/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.1 |
|
|
אֱלִיחֹרֶף |
/ʾilīˈḫurp/? [ʾɪli:ˈxʊɾp]? [ʾɛli:ˈxʊɾp]?
[ʾɛli:ˈxo̞ɾәp]? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
אַמְתַּחַת |
ʾamˈtaḫt [ʾɐmˈtɐxt]? [ʾɐmˈtɐxәt]? |
sack |
|
|
|
√אנח |
√ʾnḫ ? |
to groan etc. (niphal and hithpael) |
Ugaritic anḫ
groaning but Arabic ʾanaḥa
to pant, nāḥa
to wail |
|
|
אֲנָחָה [√ʾnḫ] |
/ʾạnaˈḫaː/ |
sighing |
Ugaritic anḫ
|
|
|
אֲנָחֲרַת |
/ʾạnaḫˈrat/ |
place name |
Αναχερεθ Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c |
|
|
אֵסַר)־(חַדֹּן |
/ʾisar-ḫadˈdo:n/ |
name of Assyrian king |
Blau 1982 §13.1 |
|
|
אֲפִיחַ |
/ʾạˈpīḫ/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.5c |
|
|
אֶפְרֹחַ [√prḫ] |
/ʾiprˈōḫ/ [ʾɪpɾˈoːx]? [ʾɛpɾˈoːx]? |
young of a bird |
Cognate
to Arabic farḫ, pl. ʾafrāḫ
nestlings |
|
|
אָרַח |
/ˈʾaraḫ/ |
personal name |
Ορεχ,
Akkadian arḫu cow, Ugaritic arḫ
ox, arḫt
cow, Arabic ʾarḫ
“bull” |
|
|
אֹרַח |
/ˈʾurḫ/ [ˈʾʊɾx]? [ˈʾo̞ɾәx]? |
way |
Old South Arabian
ʾrḫ
military expediton |
|
|
אֹרְחָה |
/ʾurˈḫaː/ [ʾʊɾˈxɐː]? [ʾo̞ɾˈxɐː] |
caravan |
|
|
|
אֲרֻחָה |
/ʾụruḫˈḫaː/ |
allowance, sustenance |
Cognate
Akkadian arāḫu to consume, to destroy |
|
|
אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא |
/ʾartaḫšaš/ |
Persian king Artaxerxes II |
|
|
|
אַשְׁחוּר |
/ʾašˈḫūr/ |
Personal name |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c |
|
|
ב |
בְּדֹלַח |
/bụˈdulḫ/ [bʊˈdʊlx]? [bʊˈdo̞lәḫ]? |
gum of a South Arabian tree |
Akkadian
budulḫu |
|
בָּחוּר |
/baˈḫuːr/? |
young man |
Mari (ṣābu)
beḫrum
member of the elite troops Cf. בָּחוּר (EBHP
/baˈḥur/) "chosen" |
|
|
*
בְּחוּרוֹת בְּחוּרִים |
/bạḫuˈrōt/?, /bạḫuˈrīm/? |
youthful condition |
|
|
|
√גוח √גיח |
√gwḫ √gyḫ |
to burst forth |
Arabic
jāḫa
to burst forth |
|
|
בַּחַן |
/ˈbaḫn/ [ˈbɐxn]? [ˈbɐxәn] |
watch-tower |
Egyptian loan
word bḫn |
|
|
בַּרְחֻמִי, בַּחֻרְמִי |
/barḫūˈmî/? |
gentilic |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
ג |
גַּחַר |
/ˈgaḫr/? [ˈgɐxɾ]? [ˈgɐxәɾ]? |
Personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
גִּיחַ [√gyḫ] |
/ˈgīḫ/? |
“bubbling water” |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
גִּיחוֹן [√gyḫ] |
/gīˈḫōn/ |
river of Eden |
|
|
|
גֵּ)י(חֲזִי |
/giḫḫiˈzî/? |
Personal
name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
ד |
דֹּחַן |
/ˈduḫn/ [ˈdʊxn]? [ˈdo̞xәn]? |
millet Sorghum
vulgare |
Arabic duḫn |
|
ה |
הֲנָחָה [√nwḫ] |
/hạnaˈḫaː/ |
release from
taxes |
|
|
ז |
זוֹחֵת |
/zōˈḫeːt/ |
personal
name |
Ζωχαθ.
Blau 1982 §12. |
|
|
√זנח |
√znḫ |
to become foul-smelling (water) (hiphil) |
Arabic zaniḫa to be rancid (butter). Cf. זנח(EBHP znḥ) "to exclude from"
cognate to Arabic
zanaḥa to be remote, to repel |
|
ח |
√חבא |
√ḫbʾ |
to hide |
Arabic ḫabaʾa,
Old South Arabian ḫbʾ,
Eth. ḫabʾa |
|
|
√חבה |
√ḫbh |
||
|
|
חָבוֹר |
/ḫaˈbōr/ |
a river |
(Χ)αβωρ.
Blau 1982 §12. |
|
|
√חבט |
√ḫbṭ |
to beat out |
Arabic
ḫabaṭa
to stamp |
|
|
חֳבַיָּה |
/ḫụbˈyah/ |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.7 |
|
|
√חבל |
√ḫbl |
to seize a thing as a pledge; to destroy |
Arabic ḫabala
to lend, borrow. Arabic ḫabala
to confound. Cf. √ḥbl
"to be in labour; tie together" cognate Arabic
Eth. ḥabala to tie together.
|
|
|
חֶבֶל [√ḫbl] |
/ˈḫabl/ [ˈxɐbl]? [ˈxɐbәl]? |
injury |
Cf. חֶבֶל (EBHP /ˈḥabl/) "flock of birds",
"rope" |
|
|
חֲבֹל [√ḫbl] |
/ḫụˈboːl/ |
pledge,
which is taken when the debt is due but remains the property of the debtor |
Arabic
ḫabl
debt, loan |
|
|
חֲבֹלָה [√ḫbl] |
/ḫụbuˈlaː/ |
to pay off one’s
debt |
|
|
|
חֲבַצֶּלֶת |
/ḫạbaˈṣilt/ |
a flower |
From
Akkadian ḫab(a)ṣillatu
stalk |
|
|
חֲבַצִּנְיָה |
/ḫạbaṣinˈyah/ |
Personal name |
Χαβασιν Blau 1982 §13.2.5c |
|
|
חֲבַקּוּק |
/ḫạbaqˈqūq/? |
Personal
name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
√חבר |
√ḫbr/
√ḥbr |
|
Both these root are represented in EBHP - Blau 1982 §12. |
|
|
חֶבֶר [√ḫbr/ḥbr] |
/ˈḫabr/? [ˈxɐbɾ]? [ˈxɐbәɾ]? |
Personal name |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.3c |
|
|
חֶבְרוֹן חֶבְרֹ)וֹ(נִי [√ḫbr/ḥbr] |
/ḫabˈrōn/ /ḫabrōˈnî/ |
place name gentilic |
Χεβρων Blau 1982 §13.2.5a |
|
|
√חבת |
√ḫbt |
|
|
|
|
חֲבִתִּים [√ḫbt] |
√ḫbt |
cakes baked in pans |
Arabic
ḫabt
various meanings including (baking) pan and cakes |
|
|
חֲדַד |
/ḫụˈdad/? |
tribal name |
Χοδδαν/δ Blau 1982 §13.2.6a |
|
|
√חדה |
√ḫdh < √ḫdw |
to rejoice |
Ugaritic
ḫdw Cf. √ḥdh
" show oneself, to appear" |
|
|
חֶדְוָה [√ḫdh] |
/ḫidˈwâ/ |
joy |
|
|
|
√חדל |
√ḫdl |
cease doing, or refuse to do something |
Old
South Arabian ḫdl, Eth. ḫadala
and Akkadian ḫadālu
to cease; Arabic ḫaḏala to remain behind, to decrease Cf. √ḥdl
" become fat, successful" |
|
|
חָדֵל [√ḫdl] |
/ḫaˈdeːl/ |
transient; abandoned |
Arabic
maḫdūl |
|
|
חֶדֶל [√ḫdl] |
/ˈḫadl/ [ˈxɐdl]? [ˈxɐdәl]? |
underworld (i.e. ceased existence), world (emphasizing
transience?) |
|
|
|
חַדְלָי |
/ḫadˈlay/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.5c |
|
|
√חדר |
√ḫdr |
to dwell |
Arabic
Eth. ḫadara, to dwell. Cf. √ḥdr
" penetrate deeply" |
|
|
חֶדֶר [√ḫdr] |
/ˈḫadr/ [ˈxɐdɾ]? [ˈxɐdәɾ]? |
room |
Arabic ḫidr
inner room, Old South Arabian ḫdrn,
Eth. ḫedrat and māḫdar
dwelling |
|
|
חַדְרָךְ |
/ḫadraːk/? /ḫadrakk/? |
place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חוֹבָה |
/ḫōˈbaː/? |
place name |
Χωβαλ Blau 1982 §13.2.6a |
|
|
חוֹחַ |
/ˈḫawḫ/ [ˈxɐwx] |
hole, crevice |
Another
lexeme, חוֹחַ "thorn-bush",
may have beem pronounced /ˈḫōḫ/ or /ˈḥōḥ/
in EBHP |
|
|
חוּט |
/ˈḫūṭ/ |
thread |
Arabic
ḫayṭ |
|
|
חוֹף חוּף |
/ˈḫoːp/? /ˈḫupp/? |
shore |
Ugaritic
ḫp,
Egyptian ḫapu |
|
|
חוּרָם |
/ḫūˈraːm/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c |
|
|
חוּשָׁה חֻשָׁתִי |
/ḫu:ˈšaː/? /ḫūšaˈtî/? |
place name gentilic |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.3c |
|
|
חוּשַׁי |
/ḫūˈšay/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.6c |
|
|
חוּשִׁים חוּשָׁם חֻשָׁם |
/ḫūˈšīm/? /ḫūˈšaːm/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3a,c |
|
|
חוֹתָם [√ḫtm] |
/ḫōˈtaːm/ |
seal |
Arabic
ḫatm,
ḫātam |
|
|
חוֹתָם [√ḫtm] |
/ḫōˈtaːm/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
|
|
חֶזְיוֹן |
/ḫazˈyōn/ |
personal name |
UgariticḪdyn, Ḫudiyana
but Αζιν |
|
|
חָזִיז |
/ḫaˈzīz/ |
squall, thunderbolt |
Arabic ḫinḏīḏ
cyclone and hazīz
roaring of the wind |
|
|
חֲזִיר |
/ḫạˈzīr/? |
swine |
Ugaritic
ḥnzr
but Arabic ḫinzīr |
|
|
√חטא |
√ḫtʾ |
to sin, miss |
Ugaritic
*ḫṭʾ;
Arabic ḥ̮aṭiʾa
to be mistaken, IV to miss the target, to lose the way N.b. derived nouns חֵטְא, חַטָּא, חֶטְאָה, חַטָּאָה etc. |
|
|
√חטב |
√ḫṭb |
|
Cf. חטב (EBHP √ḥṭb
) " to gather or hew wood". Arabic ḫaṭiba
to be colourfully striped; Ugaritic ḥṭb
wood-gatherer |
|
|
חֲטֻבוֹת [√ḫṭb] |
/ḫạṭuˈbōt/ |
multicolored embroidered cloth |
|
|
|
חַטּוּשׁ |
/ḫaṭˈṭūš/? |
personal name |
(Χ)αττους Blau 1982 §13.2.6c; 13.2.7 |
|
|
חֲטִיטָא |
/ḫạṭiˈṭaʾ/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חַטִּיל |
/ḫaṭˈṭīl/? |
male personal name “garrulous” |
Arabic
ḫaṭila
but Ατιλ. Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חֲטִיפָא |
/ḫạṭīˈpaʾ/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.7 |
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|
√חטם |
√ḫṭm |
to restrain self |
Arabic ḫaṭama |
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|
√חטף |
√ḫṭp |
to abduct |
Arabic
ḫaṭifa
to snatch |
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|
√חטר |
√ḫṭr |
|
Arabic
ḫaṭara
to swing |
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|
חֹטֶר [√ḫṭr] |
/ˈḫuṭr/ [ˈxʊtˁɾ]? [ˈxo̞tˁәɾ]? |
rod |
Ugaritic
ḫṭ,
Akkadian ḫaṭṭu sceptre, Arabic
ḫaṭṭ
rod |
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|
חֵזִיר |
/ḫiˈzīr/ [xɪˈziːɾ]? [xɛˈziːɾ]? |
personal name |
(Χ)ηζιρ Blau 1982 §13.2.4c; 13.2.7 |
|
|
חִיאֵל |
/ḫiˈʾeːl/ |
personal name |
Αχιηλ Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
|
|
√חיל |
√ḫyl |
to be in labour |
Ugaritic
ḫl Cf. √ḥyl "to
be strong" the root of חַיִל "army". ḥl
army. |
|
|
חִילָה
חִיל [√ḫyl] |
/ˈḫīl/,
/ḫīˈlaː/ |
fear and pain |
|
|
|
חֵיל |
/ˈḫēl/ |
space between outer and inner ramparts |
Arabic ḥaul
what is round about
|
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|
חֵילָם |
/ḫayˈlaːm/? [xɐyˈlaːm]? [xɛyˈlaːm]? |
place name |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.3c |
|
|
חִירָה |
/ḫīˈra:/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3a |
|
|
חִירוֹם חִירָם |
/ḫīˈroːm/ /ḫiˈraːm/ |
personal name |
Χιραμ Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
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|
פִּי
הַחִירֹת |
/pi: haḫḫi:ˈro:t/? |
place name Egyptian linguistically |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3b |
|
|
חֲכִילָה |
/ḫạkīˈlaː/? |
Place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
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|
חֲכַלְיָה |
/ḫạkalˈyah/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
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|
חֶלְאָה |
/ḫalˈʾa:/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
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|
√חלב |
√ḫlb |
forest |
Ugaritic
ḫlb
wooded hill Root of
place names אַחְלָב, חֶלְבָּה, חֶלְבּוֹן. Cf. חלב(BH ḥlb)
milk, fat etc. Ugaritic ḥlb |
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|
חֵלֶב |
/ˈḫilb/? [ˈxɪlb]? [ˈxɛlәb]? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חֶלְבָּה |
/ḫalˈbaː/? [xɐlˈbɐː] |
place name |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.6b |
|
|
חֶלְבּוֹן [√ḫlb] |
/ḫalˈbōn/? [xɐlˈboːn] |
place name = “forest place” |
Ugaritic
Ḫlb/Ḫalbi
Aleppo Blau 1982 §13.2.6c. |
|
|
√חלד |
√ḫld |
to live |
Arabic ḫalada to
be eternal |
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|
חֶלֶד [√ḫlb] |
/ˈḫald/ [ˈxɐld]? [ˈxɐlәd]? |
world, life-span |
Arabic
ḫuld,
Old South Arabian ḫld
duration, eternity. Blau 1982 §12 |
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|
חֵלֶד |
/ˈḫild/ [ˈxɪld]? [ˈxɛlәd]? |
mole |
both
animal and personal names Old
South Arabian ḫld, Arabic ḫald, ḫuld
“mole” Blau 1982 §13.1, 13.2.4c |
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|
חֹלֶד |
/ˈḫuld/ [xʊld]? [xo̞lәd]? |
||
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חֻלְדָּה |
/ḫulˈda:/ |
||
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חֶלְדַּי |
/ḫilˈday/ [xɪlˈdɐy]? [xɛlˈdɐy]? |
personal name |
Χολδαι Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c |
|
|
√חלה |
√ḫlh |
sick (qal), appease, flatter (piel) |
Arabic ḫalāʷ
to be empty, lack Cf.
ḥlh to adorn; root of nouns חֲלִי, חֶלְיָה, מְחֹלָה and to sing.; root of nouns
מַחֲלַת, מַחְלָה. |
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חֹלוֹן |
probably /ḫōˈlōn/ |
place name |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.6c |
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|
חֲלַח |
/ḫạˈlaḫ/ |
place name |
Blau 1982 §12. |
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חַלְחוּל |
/ḫalˈḫūl/? |
place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
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חֳלִי [√ḫlh] |
/ˈḫụly/ |
sickness |
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חֳלִי |
/ˈḫạly/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
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|
√חלל |
√ḫll |
to pierce |
Arabic ḫalla
to pierce. Cf. חלל(BH
ḥll
) "to profane". Arabic ḥalla
to untie (knot), to be allowed |
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|
חָלִיל |
/ḫalˈlīl/ |
flute |
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חֲלִיפָה [√ḫlp] |
/ḫạlīˈpa:/ |
changing, relief, agreement |
changing,
relief, agreement |
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|
חָלָל [√ḫll] |
/ḫalˈlaːl/ |
pierced, slain |
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חֵלֹן |
/ḫēlˈlōn/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.6b. |
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|
√חלף |
√ḫlp |
to change, alter etc. |
Arabic
(ḫalafa)
to succeed |
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חֵלֶף [√ḫlp] |
/ˈḫilp/ [ˈxɪlp]? [ˈxɛlәp]? |
substitute, in return for |
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חֵלֶף |
/ˈḫilp/? [ˈxɪlp]? [ˈxɛlәp]? |
place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
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|
חֶלֶץ |
/ˈḫalṣ/ [ˈxɐlsˁ]? [ˈxɐlәsˁ]? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4c |
|
|
√חלק |
√ḫlq |
to make
smooth, to be smooth, to shave, to divide, to
eradicate |
Arabic ḫalaqa
to make smooth, to measure off, to shape;
Ugaritic to perish. |
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|
חָלָק [√ḫlq] |
/ḫaˈlaːq/ |
smoothness, falsehood |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c |
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|
חֵלֶק [√ḫlq] |
/ˈḫilq/ [ˈxɪlkˁ]? [ˈxɛlәkˁ]? |
smoothness, portion, share |
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חֵלֶק [√ḫlq] |
/ˈḫilq/ [ˈxɪlkˁ]? [ˈxɛlәkˁ]? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4b,c |
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חַלֻּק |
/ḫalˈlūq/ |
|
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חֶלְקָה [√ḫlq] |
/ḫilˈqa:/ |
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חֲלֻקָּה [√ḫlq] |
/ḫạluˈqaː/ |
smoothness, the plot of land allotted to an individual |
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חֶלְקִי [√ḫlq] |
/ḫilˈqî/ |
Gentilic of חֵלֶק |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4b |
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חֶלְקָי [√ḫlq] |
/ḫilˈqay/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.7 |
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חִלְקִיָּהוּ חִלְקִיָּה [√ḫlq] |
/ḫilqiˈyahu:/ /ḫilqiˈyah/ |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.4c, 13.2.7 |
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חֲלַקְלַק [√ḫlq] |
/ḫạlaqˈlaq/ |
slippery places, smoothness,
intrigues |
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חֶלְקַת [√ḫlq] |
/ḫilˈqat/ [xɪlˈkˁɐt]? [xɛlˈkˁɐt]? |
place name = “slippery place” |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.4c |
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√חלשׁ |
√ḫlš? |
to defeat (qal); to be carried off (dead) (niphal) |
ḫalasa
to steal Akkadian ḫalāšu
to scratch off, out cf. ḥlš to be
weakened, to dwindle away. Tigr. (Wb. 53) ḥalsa
to be worn. Unclear
whether חֲלוּשָׁה is from ḥlš or ḫlš. |
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חָם |
ḫamm ? |
personal name |
Χαμ.
Blau 1982 §13.2.6a Cf. חָם (EBHP /ˈḥamm/)
"to profane". Ugaritic
ḥm |
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חֶמְאָה |
/ḫimˈʾaː/ [xɪmˈʾɐː]? [xɛmˈʾɐː]? |
butter, curds |
Ugaritic
ḫmʾt:
Arabic ḫamā
to become fat (milk) |
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חַמּוֹן |
/ḫamˈmōn/? |
place name = “place near the hot springs” |
Blau 1982 §12. |
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חֹמֶט |
/ˈḫumṭ/ |
reptile |
|
|
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חֻמְטָה |
/ḫumˈṭaː/ |
“(place of) lizards” |
Χαμματα.
Blau 1982 §12. |
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√חמץ |
√ḫmṣ |
to oppress |
Arabic
ġamaṣa
to despise. Cf. ḥmṣ to be acid, sour cognate
to Arabic ḥamuḍa
to be acid, sour. |
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√חמר |
√ḫmr |
to leaven |
Arabic
ḫamara
to cover, to leaven. Cf. ḥmr
to drive an ass, to scorch, burn, to skin and
Arabic ḥmr to scorch, burn |
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|
חֶמֶר |
/ˈḫamr/ [ˈxɐmɾ]? [ˈxɐmәɾ]? |
wine |
Ugaritic
ḫmr
Cf. חֵמָר /ˈḥumr/ |
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חֹמֶר |
/ˈḫumr/ [ˈxʊmɾ]? [ˈxo̞mәɾ]? |
foaming, raw material |
Cf.חֹמֶר ḥmr homer, a dry measure Ugaritic
ḥmr.
|
|
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חָמֵשׁ |
/ḫaˈmeːš/ |
five |
Ugaritic ḫmš,
Arabic Ethiopic ḫams |
|
|
√חמשׁ |
√ḫmš |
to divide into five parts |
Denominative
from חָמֵשׁ |
|
|
חֹמֶשׁ |
/ˈḫumš/ [ˈxʊmʃ]? [ˈxo̞mәʃ]? |
a fifth |
Arabic
ḫums
cf. חֹמֶשׁ(EBHP /ḥumš/)
"belly". Eth. ḥemš |
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חֲנוֹךְ |
/ḫịˈnōk/ |
personal name |
Ενωχ |
|
|
√חנך |
√ḫnk? |
|
Septuagint
for חֲנֻכָּה(οννεχαθ)
and חֲנוֹךְ (Ενωχ)
imply that first root consonant was ḫ but Arabic and other cognate languages
indicate ḥ.
|
|
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חֲנַמְאֵל |
/ḫạnamˈʾeːl/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
√חנן |
√ḫnn |
be fetid, loathsome (qal) |
Arabic
ḫanna
to stink. Cf. √ḥnn "to
be compassionate, have grace etc." cognate to Ugaritic
ḥnn |
|
|
√חנף |
√ḫnp |
godless, defiled |
Ugaritic
ḫnp
to flatter, to feign. Cf. √ḥnp to limp
cognate to Arabic ḥanifa
to have a distorted foot. |
|
|
חָנֵף [√ḫnp] |
/ḫaˈneːp/ |
godless |
Arabic
ḥanafiø
pagan |
|
|
חֹנֶף, חֲנֻפָּה [√ḫnp] |
/ˈḫunp/ [ˈxʊnp]? [ˈxo̞nәp]? /ḫanuˈpaː/ |
ungodliness |
|
|
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√חנק |
√ḫnq |
strangle someone (piel); hang oneself (niphal) |
Ugaritic
ḫnq |
|
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חַנָּתוֹן |
/ḫannaˈtōn/? |
place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חֶסֶד |
/ˈḫasd/? [ˈxɐsd]? [ˈxɐsәd]? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חֲסַדְיָה |
/ḫạsdˈyah/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חֹסָה |
personal and place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
|
מְחֻסְפָּס [חספס] |
/mạḫusˈpaːs/ |
crackling |
Arabic
ḫasafa
to crackle (frozen snow) |
|
|
√חסר |
√ḫsr |
to be reduced, lack etc. |
Ugaritic
ḫsr;
Arabic ḫasira
to incur a loss |
|
|
חָסֵר [√ḫsr] |
/ḫaˈseːr/ |
one who lacks something |
|
|
|
חֶסֶר [√ḫsr] |
/ˈḫasr/ [ˈḫasɾ]? [ˈḫasәɾ]? |
bad pasture, want (noun) |
|
|
|
חֹסֶר [√ḫsr] |
/ˈḫusr/ [ˈxʊsɾ]? [ˈxo̞sәɾ]? |
want (noun) |
Arabic ḥusr
want |
|
|
חָסְרָה |
/ḫasˈrâ/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
חֶסְרוֹן [√ḫsr] |
/ḫisˈrōn/ [xɪsˈɾoːn]? [xɛsˈɾoːn]? |
what is lacking |
|
|
|
√חפה |
√ḫph |
to cover |
Arabic
ḫafāʸ
to conceal |
|
|
חֻפָּה [√ḫph] |
/ḫupˈpa:/? |
nuptial chamber |
Blau 1982 §13.1.1 Arabic
miḥaffat
litter, sedan |
|
|
חֻפִּים |
/ḫupˈpīm/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3a,c |
|
|
חָפְנִי |
/ḫupˈni:/? [xʊpˈniː]? [xo̞pˈniː]? |
personal name (Egyptian) |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
√חפץ |
√ḫpṣ |
to hang |
Arabic
ḫafaḍa
to make lower. Cf. √ḥpṣ
"to desire" cognate to Ph. מחפץ what is desirable; Syr.
ḥfaṭ
to try to get; Arabic ḥafiẓa
to keep, to take care |
|
|
√חפר |
√ḫpr |
to be ashamed; to protect |
Arabic
ḫafara
to protect Cf. √ḥpr
"to dig, search, spy out" |
|
|
חֵפֶר (גַּת הַחֵפֶר) |
/ˈḫipr/? [ˈxɪpɾ]? [ˈxɛpәɾ]? |
place name |
Blau 1982 §12, 13.2.6c |
|
|
כִּמְתֵי
מַחְפֶּשֶׁת |
ḫpš |
as the
one destined for disaster |
|
|
|
חָפְשִׁי and related terms |
/ḫupˈšî/? [xʊpˈʃiː]? [xo̞pˈʃiː]? |
free |
Ugaritic
ḫpṯ. Unclear
whether חפשׁ is from √ḫpš
or √ḥpš |
|
|
√חצב |
√ḫṣb |
to hew, hew out etc. |
Ugaritic ḫṣb
to strike dead. Cf. √ḥṣb "to rake
(fire)" |
|
|
חֹצֵב,* חַצָּבָי |
/ḫōˈṣeːb/? /ḫaṣaˈbay/? |
stonemason |
|
|
|
√חצה |
√ḫṣh |
to divide |
|
|
|
חֲצָצוֹן |
/ḫạṣaˈṣōn/? |
place name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3a |
|
|
חֲצוֹת [√ḫṣh] |
/ḫiˈṣōt/ |
midnight, midday |
Ugaritic ḫṣt * |