Edition
1.
20 September 2011
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Lexicon
of Unmarked Consonantal Phonemes in Biblical Hebrew
1 Background and Approach (see Consonantal Polyphony in Biblical Hebrew)
The
work of Weavers and
Blau (1982) supplemented by Steiner (2005) have proved that the Biblical Hebrew reading tradition of the
translators of the Septuagint Torah (late 4th century BCE) distinguished
between the sounds [ħ][2] and [x]
both represented by the letter ח, and the sounds [ʕ] and [ɣ],
both represented by the letter ע, in the PMT. It is clear that this distinction was phonemic (see Consonantal
Minimal Pairs in Biblical Hebrew No Longer Valid in Later Hebrew). This clearly attests to the reality of Jerusalem Pre-exilic (EBHP) and early
post-exilic (LBHP) literary
Hebrew. This can be considered a proven fact to the extent that such a thing
can be proved in the absence of ancient sound recordings. There is no longer
any excuse for ignoring this phonetic and phonemic reality in reconstructing
the pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew. There seems to be no reference work allowing
the student to quickly distinguish between where ח represents
/ḥ/ [ħ] or /ḫ/ [x] and where ע represents /c/ [ʕ] or /ġ/ [ɣ]. To fill this gap I have compiled the following from HALOT and, for the
Septuagint readings, from Blau
1982
2 Practical Application
Scholars, particularly when working on Biblical Hebrew poetry or wordplay, should make every effort to pronounce the text as closely as possible to the pronunciation of literary Hebrew in pre-exilic Jerusalem (EBHP).
In
general, I would recommend pronouncing PMT ע
as [ɣ] where either:
a) The Septuagint transliterates the ע in the Hebrew root with a Γγ Gamma; or,
b) clearly
cognate roots or words in other Semitic languages
exhibit [ġ]
rather than [c] . The order of
importance of the comparator languages is Ugaritic, Arabic, Old South Arabian languages, Ethiopic languages. This is often a balance of
probabilities type decision.
Since, as calculated by Blau
(1982 §9.1), the
frequency of [c] is much higher
than that of [ġ] in Semitic languages, in all other cases we should assume that ע = [c].
|
|
Root
or Word |
(c. 850-550 BCE) (? = uncertain whether the phoneme is /ġ/ or /c/)
|
Meaning |
Comments |
|
א |
אֲבִידָע |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a |
|
|
אֲבַעְבֻּעֹת |
/ʾạbaġbuːˈġōt/? |
blisters, ulcers |
Unknown
whether ע in this word represents [c]
or [ġ] |
|
|
אֲחִימַעַץ |
/ʾạḫīˈmaġṣ/? [ʔɐxiːˈmɐɣsˁ]? [ʔɐxiːˈmɐɣәsˁ]? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
אֶלְדָּעָה |
/ʾildaˈġaː/ [ʔɛldɐˈɣɐ:] |
|
Ελραγα Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.5a. |
|
|
אֶלְעוּזַי |
/ʾilġūˈzay/? [ʔɛlɣuːˈzɐy] |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
אֶלְעָשָׂה |
/ʾilġaˈśaː/? [ʔɛlɣɐˈ ɬɐː] |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
אֶפַע, אָפַע [√pġh] |
/ˈʾapġ/ [ˈʔɐpɣ]? [ˈʔɐpәɣ]? |
chaotic,
void, illusion |
|
|
|
אֶצְעָדָה [√ṣġd] |
/ʾiṣġaˈdaː/ [ʔɛsˁɣɐˈdɐː] |
bracelet |
|
|
|
אֶשְׁעָן |
/ʾišˈġaːn/? [ʔɛ
ʃˈɣaːn] |
place
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
ב |
√בלע |
√blġ |
1. to
report, to announce 2. to be
confused |
Meaning
1) from √baluġa Meaning
2) from √balaġa cf. √bl c = "to swallow" Blau 1982 §7. |
|
בֶּלַע בַּלְעִי [√blġ] |
/ˈbalġ/ [ˈʔbɐlɣ]? [ˈʔbɐlәɣ]? /balˈɣī/ |
slander,
confusion, personal name “eloquent”" gentilic |
cf. בֶּלַע (EBHP /ˈbalc/)
√blc
"what has been swallowed " Blau 1982 §7. |
|
|
בִּנְעָא |
/binˈġaʾ/? |
place
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
1. √בעה |
√bġh < √bġy |
to
enquire, search for |
Ugaritic
√bġy
to wish and Arabic √bġy
to search |
|
|
2. √בעה |
√bġh < √bġw |
to bring to the boil (piel), to bulge out (niphal) |
Arabic
√bġw
swell up (wound) |
|
|
3. √בעה |
√bġh? |
to graze
bare |
Unknown
whether ע in this root represents [c]
or [ġ] |
|
|
בְּעוֹר |
/bịˈġōr/? |
|
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a |
|
|
בִּעוּת [√bġt] |
/biġˈġūt/ |
terrors |
|
|
|
בֹּעַז |
/ˈbuġz/ [ˈbʊɣz]? [ˈbo̞ɣәz]? |
personal
name "liveliness" |
Arabic
baġz
liveliness |
|
|
√בעט |
√bġṭ? |
to kick |
Unknown
whether ע in this root represents [c]
or [ġ] |
|
|
בְּעֹן |
/bịˈġōn/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3b |
|
|
בַּעֲנָא |
/biġġạˈnaʾ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
בַּעֲשֵׂיָה |
/baġśiˈyah/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
√בעת |
√bġt |
gripped by fear |
Arabic
baġata
to come as a surprise |
|
|
בְּעָתָה [√bġt] |
/bạġaˈtaː/ |
terror |
|
|
|
בִּרְשַׁע |
/birˈšiġ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a |
|
|
בַּעְשָׁא |
/baġˈšaʾ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
ג |
בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָה |
/bēġaštaˈraː/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
גַּעַשׁ |
/ˈgaġš/? [ˈgɐɣʃ]?
[ˈgɐɣәʃ] |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
גַּעְתָּם |
/gaġˈtam/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a, c |
|
|
ד |
דֶּמַע |
/ˈdamġ/? [ˈdɐmɣ]?
[ˈdɐmәɣ]? |
best |
Best
based on Arabic dimāġ marrow, brain >
best. It could also be a specialized meaning for דֶּמַע (EBHP /ˈdamc/) =
"tears" |
|
דְּעוּאֵל |
/dạġūˈʾeːl/ |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.5b |
|
|
ה |
הֵנַע |
/ˈhinġ/? [ˈhɪnɣ]? [ˈhɪnәɣ] |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.6c |
|
ז |
זִיעַ |
/ˈzīġ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
√זעה |
√zġh |
מְזַעְזְעֶיךָ [EBHP mụzaġzaˈġēka]
"those who bark at you" |
מְזַעְזְעֶיךָ |
|
|
זַעֲוָן |
/zaġˈwaːn/? |
|
Perhaps
root √zwġ (Blau 1982 §8.2.6a) |
|
|
זְעֵיר [√zġr] |
small, little, young |
|
||
|
√זעם |
√zġm |
to curse, scold |
Arabic
zaġama
to speak in anger |
|
|
זַעַם [√zġm] |
/ˈzaġm/ [ˈzɐɣm]?
[ˈzɐɣәm]? |
indignation |
|
|
|
√זער |
√zġr |
to be sparse, scanty |
By-form
of [ṣġr] |
|
|
ט |
√טעה |
√ṭġh |
to wander about, err |
Arabic ṭaġāw
to exceed proper bounds, ṭāġin one who deviates
from the right way, tyrant |
|
י |
יְהוֹעַדָּה |
/yạhōġadˈdaː/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
יוֹעֵד |
/yōˈġeːd/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
יַעְבֵּץ |
/yaġˈbeːṣ/? |
|
Blau 1982 §8.2.4c suggests original root √ġďb \√ġbď. (See
also Blau 1982 §7.) However, HALOT suggests
cognates Ugaritic cbṣ
satchel, Arabic cifāṣ
shepherd’s pouch, purse), hollow? |
|
|
יְעוּשׁ |
/yạˈġūš/ |
Personal name "may (God) help” |
Arabic
√yġṯ Blau 1982 §8.1 |
|
|
יָעִיר |
/yaˈġīr/? |
Personal name |
Ugaritic
√ġr
to protect. Blau
1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
יַעְלָם [√ġlm] |
/yaġˈlaːm/ |
Personal name |
Ιεγλομ
(Blau 1982 §8.2.4a,c) |
|
|
יַעֲנָה |
/yaġˈnaː/? |
ostrich |
Possibly
cognate to Arabic waġana to be bold in battle or Arabic
wacnat
stony country (the ostrich as a desert animal) |
|
|
√יעף |
√yġp |
|
Arabic
√wġf
to run, hurry |
|
|
יַעֲקָן |
/yaġˈqaːn/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3b. |
|
|
יַעֲשִׂיאֵל |
/yiġśīˈʾeːl/? |
Personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
יַעֲרֶשְׁיָה |
/yirġašˈyah/ |
Personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.1 |
|
|
כ |
כְּדָרְלָעֹמֶר |
/kụdurlaˈġumr/ [ˈzɐɣm]?
[ˈzɐɣәm]? |
Personal name |
Χοδολλογομορ. Blau 1982 §8.2.5a |
|
ל |
√לעד |
√lġd? |
|
Arabic
luġd
earlobe, flesh on the throat. |
|
לַעְדָּה [√lġd] |
/laġˈda:/? |
Personal
name “someone with a fleshy
throat” |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
לַעְדָּן [√lġd] |
/laġˈdaːn/? |
|||
|
√לעז |
√lġz |
to speak an uncomprehensible language |
Arabic
laġaza
to speak ambiguously, speak in riddles |
|
|
√לעט |
√lġṭ? |
to swallow |
Unknown
whether ע in this root represents [c] or [ġ] |
|
|
לַעֲנָה |
/laġˈnaː/? |
wormwood |
Unknown
whether ע in this word represents [c] or [ġ] |
|
|
√לעע |
√lġġ |
to stammer |
Arabic
laġāw
chatter Cf. √לעע (EBHP √lcc)
"to drink avidly" |
|
|
לֶשַׁע |
/ˈlašġ/? [ˈlɐʃɣ]? [ˈlɐʃәɣ] |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a |
|
|
√לתע |
√ltġ |
|
Arabic
lataġa
and ladaġa
bite, sting |
|
|
מ |
מַגְפִּיעָשׁ |
/magpīˈġaːš/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
מִזְעָר [√zġr] |
/mizˈġaːr/ |
something small |
|
|
|
מַלְתָּעוֹת [√ltġ] |
/maltaˈġōt/ |
jaw-bone |
|
|
|
מָעוֹן [√ġwn] |
/maˈġōn/ |
hidden lair, of lions, dwelling |
Cf. מָעוֹן (EBHP
/maˈcōn/)
"assistance" |
|
|
מַעֲטֶה |
/maġˈṭê/ |
outer
garment, mantle |
Arabic
ġiṭāc
item of clothing |
|
|
מָעַי |
/maġˈay/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
מְעִיל |
/mạˈġīl/ |
sleeveless,
cloak-like outer garment |
Arabic
ġilālat
veil, shawl (√ġll) |
|
|
מַעֲכָה |
/maġˈkaː/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a, c |
|
|
מַעֲכָה מַעֲכָת |
/maġˈkaː/? |
place
name |
Μααχα,
Μωχα,
Μαχατι/θι
|
|
|
מַעֲכָתִי |
/maġkaˈtî/? |
gentilic
of מַעֲכָה |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3b, c |
|
|
מַעֲרָב [√ġrb] |
/maġˈraːb/? |
west,
sunset |
Ugaritic
mcrb
but Arabic maġrib |
|
|
מְעָרָה |
/mạġaˈraː/ |
cave,
animal den |
Μααραγαβα.
Ugaritic mġrt;
Arabic
maġārat
Cf. מְעָרָה (EBHP /macaˈrā/)
"cleared field" |
|
|
מַעֲרָת |
/maġˈraːt/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §7 root √crw
or √ġrw |
|
|
מַעְשַׂי |
/maġˈśay/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
מַעֲשֵׂיָהוּ מַעֲשֵׂיָה |
/maġśiˈyahū/? /maġśiˈyah/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
מִצְעָד [√ṣġd] |
/miṣˈġaːd/ |
step |
|
|
|
מִצְעָר [√ṣġr] |
/miṣˈġaːr/ |
something small |
|
|
|
מַרְעֲלָה |
/marġạˈla:/? |
place
name |
Sept.B
Μαραγελλα,
Sept.AL Μαρι/αλα.
Arabic racl but see Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.6c |
|
|
מִשְׁעָם |
/mišˈġaːm/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
מִשְׁרָעִי |
/mišraˈġî/? |
gentilic
of unknown * מִשְׁרָע |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
נ |
√נבע |
√nbġ? |
to gush forth |
Unknown
whether ע in this root represents [c] or [ġ] - Arabic nbc/ġ
to bubble |
|
נֹעָה |
/nuˈġaː/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3b |
|
|
נֵעָה |
/niˈġaː/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
נְעִיאֵל |
/nạġīˈʾeːl/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
נְעִימָה [√nġm] |
/nạġīˈmaː/ |
lovely
sound, sound of music |
Arabic
naġ(a)m(at)
melody |
|
|
√נעם |
√nġm |
to sing |
Arabic
nagama
to speak softly, sing Cf. נעם (BH √ncm)
= "be pleasant, delightful" |
|
|
ס |
סִיעֲהָא |
/sīˈġaʾ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
סַרְעַפָּה |
/sarġaˈpaː/ |
branch |
Šḫ.
ṣeġlif,
Meh. śarġaif,
flowering shoot of the palm |
|
|
ע |
/ˈġaːb/ |
dense clouds |
ġb/ġbm
cloud, (two) clouds Cf. עָב (EBHP /ˈcabb/)
an uncertain architectural term. |
|
|
√עבה |
√ġbh |
to become thick, fat |
Ugaritic ġbn
plenty (√ġby) |
|
|
עָבוֹת [√ġbt] |
/ġiˈbōt/ |
branch |
Arabic
ġa/ibṭ
sheaf, muġbaṭat
ground covered with vegetation |
|
|
עָבוֹת [√ġbt] |
/ġaˈboːt/ |
dense |
|
|
|
√עבת |
√ġbt |
to be
thick |
Cf. עבת (BH
cbt ) probably denominative of עֲבֹת |
|
|
עַד |
/ˈġad/ |
lasting future time |
Arabic ġad
(root √ġdw)
tomorrow, later in the future Cf. עַד (EBHP /cad/)
preposition "as far as" |
|
|
√עדד |
√ġdd |
to
rejoice |
Ugaritic
√ġdd
to rejoice Cf. עדד (BH cdd ) =
"to narrate" |
|
|
√עדן |
√ġdn? |
to live a life of luxury |
Uncertain
whether ע in this root represents [c] or [ġ]. If the latter cognate to Arabic
ġadan
life of luxury. Blau
1982 §8.1 |
|
|
עֵדֶן, עֶדֶן |
[ˈɣɐdn]? [ˈɣɐdәn]? [ˈɣɪdn]? [ˈɣɪdәn]? |
names
signifying bliss etc. |
Blau 1982 §8.1 |
|
|
√עדף |
√ġdp |
to be in
excess |
Arabic
√ġdf
to be plenteous. |
|
|
√עדר |
√ġdr |
to be
missing |
Cf. עדר (BH √cdr
), by-form of √עזר "to
help" Blau 1982 §7, 8.1 |
|
|
עֵדֶר |
/ˈġidr/ [ˈɣɪdɾ]?
[ˈɣɪdәɾ]? |
pool |
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4a. Cf. עֵדֶר (BH probably |
|
|
עוֹג |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3b. |
||
|
עוֹדֵד |
/ġōˈdeːd/? |
personal name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
√עוה |
√ġwh |
to do wrong (qal); to twist (piel) |
Uncertain
whether ע in this root represents [c] or [ġ] |
|
|
עַוָּה |
/ġawˈwaː/? |
ruin |
Cognates עִי
and עַי. See
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.3c, 8.2.6c suggests
original root √wġw. |
|
|
עַוִּים |
/ġawˈwīm/? |
gentilic |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3b, c. |
|
|
עֲוִית |
/ġạˈwīt/? |
place name |
Here ע represents [ġ] as indicated by Septuagint transliteration Γεθθαιμ. Blau 1982 §8.2.6a. |
|
|
√עון |
√ġwn |
to cover (cloud covering the sky), to dwell |
Arabic √ġyn
IV to cover; Arabic √ġny
to dwell Cf.
עון(BH √cwn)
root of maˈcōn |
|
|
עֵופַי |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
||
|
עוּץ |
/ˈġūṣ/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a,c |
|
|
עוּץ |
/ˈġūṣ/? |
personal
and place name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
עוֹר |
/ˈġōr/? |
skin |
Possible
Ugaritic cognate |
|
|
√עושׁ |
√ġwš |
to help |
Arabic
√ġwṯ
Ito help |
|
|
עוּתַי |
/ġūˈtay/ |
personal
name |
Root
√ġwt Aramaic cognate to √ġwš.
See Blau 1982 §8.2.6c, 8.2.7. |
|
|
עַזְבּוּק |
/ġazˈbūq/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
√עזה |
√ġzh |
to
nourish |
Root of
personal names יַעֲזִיאֵל, יַעֲזִיָּה, עֲזִיאֵל |
|
|
עַזָּה |
/ġazˈzaː/ |
place
name - Gaza |
Blau 1982 §8.2.4a |
|
|
עֲזִיאֵל [√ġzh] |
/ġụzīˈʾeːl/ |
|
|
|
|
√עזר |
√ġzr |
To be
vigorous, abundant? |
Ugaritic
ġzr,
pl. ġzrm
young man, warrior, hero Cf. עזר(BH √czr
<
√cdr)
"to help" |
|
|
עֹזֵר [√ġzr] |
/ġōˈzeːr/ |
hero, warrior |
|
|
|
עֵזֶר [√ġzr] |
/ˈġizr/ [ˈɣɪzɾ]?
[ˈɣɪzәɾ]? |
strength |
If this
word existed in EBHP it would be impossible to distinguish from עֵזֶר (EBHP /ˈcizr/) =
"help" |
|
|
עַזָּתִי |
/ġazzaˈtî/ |
|
person
from Gaza |
|
|
√עטה |
√ġṭh |
wrap up, cover |
Arabic
√ġṭw
to cover Cf. עטה(BH √cṭh)
"to delouse" |
|
|
עֲטָרוֹת |
/ġạṭaˈrōt/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3b,c. |
|
|
עִי [√ġwy] |
/ˈġīy/ |
ruins |
Blau 1982 §7, 8.1 |
|
|
עַי [√ġwy] |
/ˈġay/ |
place
name |
Here ע represents [ġ] as indicated by Septuagint transliterations Γαι and ʼΑγγαι. |
|
|
עֵיבָל |
place and
personal name |
Γαιβαλ. Cf.
perhaps Ugaritic placename ġbl Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.5a |
||
|
עַיָּה [√ġwy] |
/ġayˈya:/ |
place
name |
Probably fem. by-form of עַי
(EBHP
/ġay/). Blau
1982 §8.2.5c |
|
|
עִיּוֹן |
/ġiˈyōn/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
√עיט |
√ġyṭ? |
to shout at |
Arabic √cyṭ
to scream: √ġyẓ
to inflame with anger |
|
|
עֵיטָם |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
||
|
עִיִּים [ġīy] |
/ġīˈyīm/ |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.4b, 8.2.5b. |
|
|
עִילַי |
/ġīˈlay/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עֵילָם |
/ġēˈlaːm/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3a, c. |
|
|
עֲיָם |
/ġuˈyaːm/? |
|
probably
should be read עֹצֶם but could be from Arabic
ġāma
to be overcast, be tormented by a burning thirst; substantive ġaym
cloud, anger, thirst |
|
|
√עיף |
√ġyp |
Arabic
√ġyb
to set (sun) |
Root of מְעִיף, מוּעָף, I עֵיפָה, עֵיפָתָה Cf. עיף(BH √cyp)
"to become tired" |
|
|
עֵיפָה [√ġyp] |
place
name "darkness" |
Γαιφα, Arabic
ġayfa. Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4a,c suggests
root √ġpr, Blau 1982 §8.2.5c |
||
|
√עיר |
√ġyr |
to protect (qal) |
Cognates
in Ugaritic, Arabic etc. Cf.עור (BH √cwr)
"to wake
up, be blind" |
|
|
עִירָד |
/ġīˈraːd/? |
personal
name |
Γαιδαδ. Blau 1982 §8.2.6a |
|
|
עִירָם |
/ġīˈraːm/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
עַיַּת |
/ġayˈyaːt/ |
place
name |
||
|
עֻלָּא |
/ġulˈlaʾ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
עַלְוָה |
/ġalˈwâ/ |
place
name |
Γωλα |
|
|
עֲלוּמִים [√ġlm] |
/ġạlūˈmīm/ |
youth |
|
|
|
עַלְוָן |
/ġalˈwaːn/ |
personal
name |
Γωλων etc. |
|
|
√עלט |
√ġlṭ |
to be
overcast, dark |
Arabic ġaṭala
to be overcast (sky)
|
|
|
עֲלָטָה [√ġlṭ] |
/ġạlaˈṭaː/ |
darkness |
|
|
|
√עלל [√ġll] |
√ġll |
to immerse (polel) |
Cf. √עלל (BH
√cll)
"to glean, to deal severely with, act wantonly" |
|
|
√עלם |
√ġlm |
to be agitated, to be (become) dark (hiphil) |
Cf. √עלם (BH √clm)
"to conceal" |
|
|
עֶלֶם [√ġlm] |
/ˈġalm/ [ˈɣɐlm]? [ˈɣɐlәm]? |
young man |
|
|
|
עַלְמָה [√ġlm] |
/ġalˈmaː/ |
young woman |
|
|
|
עֲלוּמִים [√ġlm] |
/ġạlūˈmīm/ |
youthful strength |
|
|
|
עַלְמוֹן |
/ġalˈmōn/? |
|
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4b suggests
root contains ġ.
However, HALOT suggests cognate to Arabic calam
way-marker |
|
|
עָלֶמֶת [√ġlm] |
/ġaˈlamt/ |
place and
personal name |
Γαλεμεθ.
See Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4c. |
|
|
√עלף |
√ġlp |
to be
faint, to cover |
Cognates
in Ugaritic and Arabic. |
|
|
√עמם |
√ġmm |
to cover,
darken amaze |
Arabic
ġamma
to cover |
|
|
√עמר |
√ġmr |
to gather the cut ears of grain |
|
|
|
עֹמֶר [√ġmr] |
/ˈġumr/ [ˈɣʊmɾ]? [ˈɣo̞mәɾ]? |
sheaf,
measure of grain |
Blau 1982 §8.1, 8.2.4b. Arabic
ġumr
sheaf and ġumar
small drinking vessel, beaker: measure for corn |
|
|
עֲמֹרָה |
/ġụmurˈraː/ |
Gomorrah |
Γομορρα.
Blau 1982 §8.2.4a suggests root √ġmr. |
|
|
עֲמָשָׂא |
/ġạmaˈśaʾ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
עֲמָשַׂי |
/ġạmaˈśay/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
עֲמַשְׁסַי |
/ġạmašˈsay/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
עֵנָב |
/ġiˈnaːb/? |
grape |
Ugaritic
ġnb
but Arabic cinab
|
|
|
√ענג |
√ġng |
to pamper |
Arabic
ġanija
to make a fuss, to pamper |
|
|
עֹנֶג [√ġng] |
/ˈġung/ [ˈɣʊng]? [ˈɣo̞nәg]? |
pleasure |
|
|
|
עָנֹג [√ġng] |
/ġaˈnoːg/ |
pampered |
|
|
|
√ענה |
√ġnh |
to sing |
Arabic
√ġny
to sing Cf. √ענה (BH √cnh)
= "to answer, to be afflicted, to be worried" |
|
|
עֲנָה |
/ġạˈnaː/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3a. |
|
|
עָנִים |
/ġaˈnīm/? |
place
name |
Kh.
Ġuwēn
et-Taḥta Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עָנֵם |
/ġaˈneːm/? |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עֲנָמִים |
/ġạnaˈmīm/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עֲנַמֶּלֶךְ |
/ġanˈmalk/? [ɣɐnˈmɐlk]? [ɣɐnˈmɐlәk]? |
divine
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עָנָן |
/ġaˈnaːn/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עָנֵר |
/ġaˈneːr/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
√ענשׁ |
√ġnš |
to fine |
?
Ugaritic √ġnṯ
|
|
|
עֹנֶשׁ [√ġnš] |
/ˈġunš/ [ˈɣʊnʃ]?
[ɣo̞nәʃ]? |
|
||
|
עָסִיס [√ġss] |
/ġaˈsīs/ |
grape juice |
γλευ̂κος |
|
|
√עסס |
√ġss |
to crush underfoot (qal) |
|
|
|
√עפל |
√ġpl |
to be impudent |
Arabic
√ġfl to be foolish, impudent Cf. √cpl
which
relates to "swellings or hills" |
|
|
√עפר |
√ġpr or √cpr |
|
Both
these root are represented in BH - Blau 1982 §7 |
|
|
עֹפֶר |
/ˈġupr/ [ˈɣʊpɾ]? [ɣo̞pәr]? |
young
deer or ibex |
Blau 1982 §8.1 Arabic
ġufr
the young of an ibex Cf. √cpr
which relates to "dust" |
|
|
עָפְרָה |
/ġupˈraː/? |
place and
personal name |
See Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4c but
HALOT suggests as cognate Arabic cufrat
“reddish-white colour of the dust" |
|
|
√עצה |
√ġṣh |
to screw
up (the eyes) |
√ġḍw to shut
the eyelids Cf. √ענה (BH cnh) =
"to argue, quarrel" |
|
|
עֶצְוֹן־גֶּבֶר |
/ġiṣōn
ˈgabr/ |
place
name |
Γασιωνγαβερ.
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4b suggests
root √ġdy;
HALOT Arabic ġaḍiān, ġaḍa
bushes |
|
|
√עצם |
√ġṣm |
to shut
eyes |
Cf. √עצם (BH
√cṣm) =
"to be powerful" |
|
|
√עצר |
√ġṣr |
to hold back, restrain |
Ugaritic
√ġṣr.
to surround, mark the boundary |
|
|
עֶצֶר [√ġṣr] |
/ˈġaṣr/ |
restraint |
|
|
|
עֹצֶר [√ġṣr] |
/ˈġuṣr/ |
oppression |
|
|
|
עֲצָרָה, עֲצֶרֶת [√ġṣr] |
/ġạṣaˈra:/, /ġạˈṣart/ |
celebration, festive assembly |
|
|
|
עֲקָן |
/ġạˈqaːn/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3a. |
|
|
עֵר |
/ˈġeːr/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3a. |
|
|
√ערב |
√ġrb? |
root of
evening, west |
Arabic √ġrb
to go away, leave, go down (of the sun) but in Ugaritic
it is √crb |
|
|
עֹרֵב and עוֹרֵב |
/ġōˈreːb/ |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.1 Cf. √ערב (BH
√crb) "to stand surety"
and many other meanings. |
|
|
עֲרָבָה |
/ġạraˈbaː/ |
willow,
poplar |
Arabic
ġabara
dust, Cf. עֲרָבָה (EBHP /caraˈbā/) = "dry, infertile
region" |
|
|
עַרְבָתִי |
/ġarbaˈtî/ |
gentilic
of |
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.1 |
|
|
עֲרוֹעֵר עֲרֹעֵרִי |
/ġạrōˈġeːr/? /ġạrōġiˈrî/? |
place
name gentilic |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3b. |
|
|
√ערל |
√ġrl |
to allow to remain as the “foreskin”, not
to harvest etc. |
Denominative
of עָרְלָה and עָרֵל Arabic
ġarila
to be uncircumcised
|
|
|
עָרֵל [√ġrl] |
/ġaˈreːl/ |
uncircumcised |
|
|
|
עָרְלָה [√ġrl] |
/ġurˈlaː/ |
foreskin |
|
|
|
√ערם |
√ġrm? |
to store up, pile up |
Cf. √ערם (BH √crm)
= "to be crafty" |
|
|
עֲרֵמָה
[√ġrm] |
/ġạriˈmaː/ |
granaries, heaps, stores of fruit |
Ugaritic
ġrmn |
|
|
עֵרָן |
/ġēˈraːn/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3b. |
|
|
עֵרָנִי |
/ġēraːˈnî/? |
gentilic
of עֵרָן |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3b. |
|
|
עֲרָפֶל |
/ġạraˈpeːl/ |
thick darkness |
Ugaritic
ġrpl
dark cloud |
|
|
√עשׂה |
√ġśh |
to
protect, cover |
Arabic
ġašiya
to cover, veil Cf. √עשׂה (EBHP √cśh)
"to do, make, knead" |
|
|
√עשׂה |
√ġśh |
to turn towards |
Arabic
ġašāw/y
|
|
|
עֲשָׂהאֵל |
/ġạśaˈʾeːl/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עֵשָׂו |
/ġēˈśaːw/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3a. |
|
|
עָשׁ |
/ˈġašš/ |
rot |
Arabic
ġaṯṯa
to be (become) meagre Cf. עָשׁ (EBHP /ˈcašš/)
"moth" |
|
|
עֲשִׂיאֵל |
/ġạśīˈʾeːl/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עֲשָׂיָה |
/ġạśāˈʾyah/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
√עשׁשׁ |
√ġšš? |
to become
dark, clouded, weak |
Arabic
√˓as˓asa
to be dark; to become weak and Arabic √ġṯṯ
to be meager, weak |
|
|
עַתַּי |
/ġatˈtay/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עֲתָיָה |
/ġạtāˈyah/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
עֲתָךְ |
/ġạˈtaːk/? |
place
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
√עתל |
√ġtl? |
eminence? |
|
|
|
עַתְלָי [√ġtl] |
/ġatˈlay/ |
personal
name |
|
|
|
עֲתַלְיָה [√ġtl] |
/ġạtalˈyah/? |
personal
name |
Γοθονιας.
See Blau 1982 §7. |
|
|
עֲתַלְיָהוּ [√ġtl] |
/ġạtalˈyahū/? |
personal
name |
Γοθολια.
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.6c |
|
|
עָתְנִיאֵל |
/ġutnīˈʾeːl/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.6c. |
|
|
עֶתֶר |
/ˈġatr/? |
place
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
פ |
פּוּעָה |
/pūˈġaː/? |
personal
name |
Ugaritic
appellative pġt Blau 1982 §8.2.3b. |
|
√פעה |
√pġh |
to moan in childbirth |
Arabic
baġā
(√bġy)
to bleat. |
|
|
פָּעוּ |
/ˈpaġū/ |
place
name |
Φογωρ.
Blau 1982 §8.2.5a |
|
|
פְּעוֹר |
/pịˈġōr/ |
place
name |
Βεελφεγωρ.
Blau 1982 §8.2.5b |
|
|
פָּעִי |
/paˈġī/ |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.5c |
|
|
√פער |
√pġr ? |
to open the mouth |
Arabic
faġara
but Ugaritic pcr (šm) |
|
|
פַּעֲרַי |
/paˈġay/? |
personal
name |
See Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
√פצע |
√pṣġ |
to wound |
Ugaritic
√pẓġ but Arabic
faṣaca
to squeeze out |
|
|
פֶּצַע |
/ˈpaṣġ/ |
a wound |
|
|
|
פַּרְעֹשׁ |
/parˈġoːš/ |
flea,
personal name |
Ugaritic prġt (masc.) flea |
|
|
פִּרְעָתוֹן פִּרְעָתוֹנִי |
/parġaˈtōn/? /parġatōˈnī/? |
place
name gentilic |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
צ |
√צבע |
√ṣbġ |
to
dye |
Arabic ṣabaġa
to dye |
|
צֶבַע [√ṣbġ] |
/ˈṣabġ/ |
dyeing |
|
|
|
צִבְעוֹן [√ṣbġ] |
/ṣabˈġōn/ |
place
name |
Σεβεγων.
Blau 1982 §8.2.4a suggests root √ṣbġ. |
|
|
√צוע צַעֲצֻעִים |
√ṣwġ |
|
Arabic
ṣāġa
(√ṣwġ)
to form, shape, mould |
|
|
צוּעָר [√ṣġr] |
/ṣūˈġaːr/ |
personal
name = "small" |
Blau 1982 §8.2.4b. |
|
|
√צעד [√ṣġd] |
√ṣġd |
to march |
Ugaritic √ṣġd |
|
|
צַעַד [√ṣġd] |
/ˈṣaġd/ |
|
||
|
צְעָדָה [√ṣġd] |
/ṣạġaˈdaː/ |
march |
|
|
|
√צעה |
√ṣġh |
to bend over, lie down, etc. |
Arabic
ṣaġā
(√ṣġw)
and ṣaġiya
to bow |
|
|
צָעוֹר [√ṣġr] |
/ṣaˈġoːr/ |
small |
|
|
|
צָעִיר [√ṣġr] |
/ṣaˈġīr/ |
the smaller one, smallest |
|
|
|
צְעִירָה √
[ṣġr] |
/ṣạġīˈra:/ |
smallness, youth |
|
|
|
√צער |
√ṣġr |
to be lowly |
Blau 1982 §8.1 By-form
of √zġr |
|
|
צֹעַר, צוֹעַר [√ṣġr] |
/ˈṣuġr/ |
place
name |
Σηγωρ.
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4a suggests
root √ṣġr. |
|
|
ק |
קְצִיעָה |
/qạṣīˈġâ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
קַרְקַע |
/qarˈqaġ/? |
ground |
Cf.
Arabic qarqar or qariq
"level ground" |
|
|
ר |
רֹבַע |
/ˈrubġ/ |
|
Arabic
ġubār
dust, dust-cloud Cf. רֹבַע (EBHP /ˈrubc/)
= "a
quarter." |
|
√רוע |
√rwġ |
to cry, cry out, shout |
Arabic
raġā(w)
to scream, howl |
|
|
רֵיעַ [√rwġ] |
/ˈriġ/ |
a shout |
|
|
|
רֵעַ [√rwġ] |
/ˈreːġ/ |
a shout |
Cf. רֵעַ (EBHP /ˈrēc/) "darling, favourite, lover,
comrade, companion etc." |
|
|
√רעב |
√rġb |
to be
hungry |
|
|
|
רָעֵב [√rġb] |
/raˈġeːb/ |
hungry (adj.) |
Ugaritic
√rġb |
|
|
רָעָב [√rġb] |
/raˈġaːb/ |
hunger |
|
|
|
רְעָבוֹן [√rġb] |
/rạġaˈbōn/ |
hunger |
|
|
|
רְעוּ |
/rịˈġu:/ |
personal
name |
Ραγου |
|
|
רְעוּאֵל |
/rịġuˈʾeːl/ |
personal
name |
Ραγουηλ.
Blau 1982 §8.2.5a |
|
|
√רעם |
√rġm |
to rage,
roar, thunder, to have
compassion. |
Ugaritic
√rġm
|
|
|
רַעַם [√rġm] |
/ˈraġm/ [ˈɾɐɣm]? [ˈɾɐɣәm]? |
thunder |
|
|
|
רַעְמָה [√rġm] |
/raġˈmaː/ |
uproar |
Ρεγμα.
See Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4a,c Cf. רַעְמָה (EBHP |
|
|
רַעַמְיָה |
/raġmˈyah/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
√רען |
√rġn |
palal:
pf. רַעֲנָֽנָה: to be leafy, luxuriant |
Arabic
vb. √lġn
to be entangled, |
|
|
רַעֲנָן |
/raġˈnaːn/ |
leafy, luxuriant |
|
|
|
√רעשׁ |
√rġš |
to be
abundant, plentiful |
Arabic
raġasa
to cause to grow Cf. √רעשׁ (BH √r cš)
"to quake etc." |
|
|
רִשְׁעָתַיִם |
/rašġaˈtaym/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
|
√שׂעף |
√śġp |
|
Arabic
šaġafa
to infatuate, fill with ardent passion |
|
שׂ |
שְׂעִפִּים [√śġp] |
/śạˈġiːp/ |
disquieting thoughts |
|
|
שׁ |
√שׁוע |
√šwġ |
to
call for help |
Arabic
ġawaṯa
to call for help |
|
שׁוֹעַ [√šwġ] |
/ˈšōġ/ |
a call
for help |
|
|
|
וְקוֹעַ שוֹעַ ֺ |
/ˈšōġ/? /waˈqōġ/? |
tribal
names |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
שַׁוְעָה [√šwġ] |
/šawāˈġaː/ |
a call
for help |
|
|
|
שׁוּעָל שַׁעַלִים |
/šūˈġaːl/? /šaġˈlīm/? |
place
name |
Σωγαλ.
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.6c. Cf. שׁוּעָל (EBHP /šūˈcal/ < √tcl ) prersonal and place
name "Fox or Jackal" |
|
|
שׁוֹעֵר, שֹׁעֵר [√šġr] |
/šōˈġeːr/ |
gatekeeper |
|
|
|
שִׁנְעָר |
/šinˈġaːr/ |
place
name |
Blau 1982 §8.1 |
|
|
שַׁעַף |
/ˈšaġp/ [ˈʃɐɣp]? [ˈʃɐɣәp]? |
name of a tribe |
Σαγαφ. Blau 1982 §7 |
|
|
√שׁער |
√šġr |
to
break open |
Arabic
ṯaġara
to break open, destroy Cf. √שׁער (BH √šcr )
"to calculate" cognate to Ugaritic √ṯcr to measure |
|
|
שַׁעַר [√šġr] |
/ˈšaġr/ [ˈʃɐɣɾ]?
[ˈʃɐɣәɾ]? |
gate |
|
|
|
שְׁעַרְיָה |
/šạġarˈyah/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
שַׁעֲרַיִם |
/šaġˈraym/ |
place
name "double gate" |
Blau 1982 §7, 8.2.4c. |
|
|
√שׁפע |
√špġ |
|
Arabic
sabaġa
"complete, full" |
|
|
שֶׁפַע [√špġ] |
/ˈšapġ/ [ˈʃɐpɣ]?
[ˈʃɐpәɣ]? |
abundance |
|
|
|
שִׁפְעָה [√špġ] |
/šipˈġaː/ |
crowd etc. |
|
|
|
שִׁפְעִי |
/šapˈġî/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c |
|
|
ת |
תִּדְעָל |
/tidˈġaːl/? |
personal
name |
Θαργαλ.
Ugaritic
tdǵl/ttǵl. Blau 1982 §8.2.6a.
|
|
תּוֹעָה [√tġh] |
/tōˈġâ/ |
mistake |
|
|
|
√תעה |
√tġh |
to err |
√tǵy " to travel, roam
from far away"; Arabic ṭaġā
(√ṭgw
and √ṭgy)
to exceed the proper bounds, overstep the mark. Cf. √טעה |
|
|
תֹּעוּ תֹּעִי |
/ˈto:ġu:/? /ˈto:ġi:/? |
non-Semitic personal name |
Blau 1982 §13.2.3c |
|
|
תְּעוּפָה [√ġyp] |
/tạġūˈpaː/ |
darkness |
|
|
|
תְּעָלָה |
/tạġaˈlaː/ |
covering,
coating, referring to the healing process of a wound as the skin reforms and
new flesh is built up |
Cf. תְּעָלָה (EBHP /tacaˈlâ/)
"watercourse" |
|
|
תַּעֲלוּלִים [√ġll] |
/taġlūˈlīm/ |
acts
of mischief, ill treatment |
|
|
|
תַּעֲלֻמָה [√ġlm] |
/taġlūˈmaː/ |
a secret,
something hidden |
|
|
|
תַּעֲנוּג [√ġng] |
/taġˈnūg/ |
pleasure,
luxury |
|
|
|
תַּעְתֻּעִים [√tġh] |
/taġtūˈġīm/ |
mockery, mockers |
|
|
|
תְּקוֹעַ תְּקוֹעִי |
/tịˈqōġ/? /tịqōˈġî/? |
place name gentilic |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c. |
|
|
תְּרוּעָה [√rwġ] |
/tạrūˈġaː/ |
war
cry, alarm for war, signal, shout of joy |
|
|
|
תַּחְרֵעַ תַּאְרֵעַ |
/taḥˈreːġ/? |
personal
name |
Blau 1982 §8.2.3c.
|
|
|
תִּרְעָתִים |
/tirġaˈtīm/? |
gentilic |
Blau 1982 §8.2.6c. Θαργαθιιμ |
[1] For
frequency counts of polyphonic consonants see Blau 1982.
[2] In
transliterating consonantal phonemes
I use the Society of Biblical Literature (SBL)
Academic Translation Style (THSBL). I generally to use the IPA system to transliterate consonantal phones.
[3] See Phones and Phonemes - http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_6.htm#phone_phonym.
[4] Note, in reconstructed [EBHP]
transliterations and sound files -
1.there is no spirantization of the bgdkpt consonants - http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_tequ.htm#bgdpt;
2. vowel
qualities are outlined here - http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_6.htm#ebhp_vow_qual;
3. I use the most
probable form. Where no one form stands out as most probable, I select the one
closest to the MT vocalization.
4. when multiple forms are possible, the
form used is underlined.